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Introduction to 3Dresyns

3Dresyns is the world’s leading provider of innovative and professional 3D resins. We offer products and services for both beginners and professionals in 3D printing. 3Dresyns resins are compatible with most SLA, DLP & LCD 3D printers. If environmental safety is of concern, its portfolio includes eco-friendly, biocompatible, and biodegradable 3D resins, giving a unique range of added value functionalities.

Introduction to 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

3Dresyns statement: "3D printing makes possible the direct and indirect additive manufacturing of an endless number of high performing and biocompatible materials, with unlimited physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, with precise and detailed dimensions, and with a minimum investment. It is the revolution of the 21st century, since it empowers and turns individuals and companies into manufacturers of multifunctional 3D printed materials"

Stereolithography SLA printing is used for manufacturing of parts because of its:

-improved printing resolution, precision and dimensional accuracy vs other printing techniques, such as FDM

-low relative costs since professional SLA, DLP and LCD printer prices range from 200-2.000 Euro upwards

-widest range of material availability

Different 3D printing technologies which use photoreactive 3D resins:

-laser SLA: a laser scans and cures the 3D resin on a selected area layer by layer with SLA 3D printers

-digital Light Processing DLP projection: a light projection of the image cures the 3D resin on a selected area layer by layer with SLA DLP 3D printers

-LCD Liquid Crystal Display: a LCD panel acts as a mask selecting the transmission of light in certain selected area for curing the 3D resin layer by layer with light from a LED source positioned underneath. Types:multicolor RGB LCD panels (SLA DLP LCD printers) and monochrome LCD panels (SLA DLP MLCD printers).

-inkjet: a 3D resin is injected hot and cured layer by layer with inkjet 3D printers

-other printing technologies

Types of Additive Manufacturing AM processes

Direct AM: 1 step/process:

-direct printing of 3D resins (including ceramic, metal 3D resins) by SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet & other 3D printing technologies

-indirect AM: 2 steps/processes:Printing of injection molds by SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet & other 3D printing technologies + injection or casting of plastic resins, sintering ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials.

Indirect additive manufacturing of products, to say: resins, plastics, ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials have certain benefits and limitations. Indirect manufacturing requires the usage of castable materials, such as models, durable and/or sacrificial molds, etc.

The injection of Powder Injection Molding PIM binder slurries (including ceramic, metal, polymer (such as polyimide) and exotic material feedstocks) in 3D printed durable, and/or sacrificial molds (or printed by high temperature powder jetting) has unique benefits in comparison to direct printing of highly loaded 3D photopolymer resins with powders.

Direct AM: 1 step/process

Benefits: 1 step process: direct printing of models, prototypes and functional parts

-expensive molds can be avoided

-faster for short runs (low number of produced units)

-ideal for “changing” designs

-low printer costs for 3D resin printing with SLA, DLP & LCD

-functional materials with very high flexural strengths can be obtained with our functional 3D resins

Drawbacks:

-expensive for long runs (high number of produced units)

-slow for long runs

-lower mechanical properties for competitors´ products than indirect manufacturing made with injected engineering materials such as polyamide "nylon", unless our 3Dresyn Nylon-like and 3Dresyns like best functional resins are used

-most competitors´ resins are fragile like eggshells or Christmas balls

-each 3D resin needs to be tuned/adjusted to each printer model: this limitation is overcome with our fast & easy printing instructions

-sintering ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials by direct manufacturing have significant limitations vs indirect manufacturing:

-slower debinding + sintering vs traditional CIM, MIM & PIM

-more expensive ceramic and metal printers 80.000-350.000 Euro

-worse sintered material properties: lower isotropy, density, higher porosity, etc…

-difficult "tuning" of direct printing of sintering Ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials in SLA printers

Indirect AM: 2 steps/processes

Printing of injection molds by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D printing + injection or casting resins, plastics, ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials

Types of injection molds:

Ultra durable: made with Aluminum or steel by CNC

-ideal for long runs of the same design

Durable: 3D printed molds by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers

-ideal for short and medium runs of the same design

Sacrificial: 3D printed sacrificial molds by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers where parts/objects are intertwined with the mold, which need to be sacrificed or eliminated with:

-water: water soluble molds

-solvent: solvent soluble molds

-burnable: castable

-pressure: easy breakable cocoon molds without damaging parts

Types of Indirect Manufacturing

-resin and plastic injection & Casting: conventional liquid casting resins at room temperature or our injection and casting resins at >70-80ºC are cast by gravity in the mold

-metal casting: molten metals are cast by gravity in gypsum molds made by castable 3D resins with excellent burn-out printed by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers or by using waxes

-resin and plastic injection at high temperature: solid or high viscous thermoplastic resins such as our injection resins, or conventional plastics, such as polyamide are injected hot (eg 290ºC) at certain pressure in molds printed by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers

-ceramic and metal slurries "feedstock" for Ceramic & Metal Injection Molding CIM & MIM of technical ceramics and metals containing binders are injected hot at certain pressure in molds printed by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers

-powder slurries "feedstock" for Powder Injection Molding PIM & additive manufacturing of polymers and exotic nano and micron materials containing binders are injected hot at certain pressure in molds printed by SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers

Injection systems

Required equipment for indirect manufacturing by injection of feedstocks of plastic resins, ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials, to produce composites, or 100% pure sintered materials after debinding the binder and sintering your chosen ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials:

Types of Injection units/machines:

-manual micro syringes for <50€ for micro injections, such as borosilicate glass syringes or metal syringes

-manual injection units for dental applications for 300-3000€, such as this type of manual injection machines

-automatic injection machines with prices from 3000-7000€ or higher

Where solid or viscous injection resin, plastic, ceramic, and metal feedstocks are heated and injected under pressure in molds.

Ceramic and metal parts need to be debound and sintered at high temperature in furnaces to produce 100% sintered ceramics and metals parts/objects

Indirect manufacturing

The injection of Powder Injection Molding PIM binder slurries (including ceramic, metal, polymer (such as polyimide) and exotic material feedstocks) in 3D printed durable, and/or sacrificial molds (or printed by high temperature powder jetting) has unique benefits in comparison to direct printing of highly loaded 3D photopolymer resins with powders.

Benefits:

-faster for medium and long runs (high number of produced units)

-cost effective for long runs (high number of produced units)

-ideal for making tougher biocompatible plastic materials such as polyamide "nylon", which can not directly printed by SLA, DLP, LCD or Inkjet, unless our unique 3Dresyn Nylon-like and 3Dresyns like best functional resins are used

-ideal for cost effective manufacturing of pure ceramics, metals, sinterable polymers such as polyimide, and exotic materials by combining the best of 3D printing and CIM & MIM technologies

-each “3D resin” does not need to be tuned/adjusted to each printer: only durable or sacrificial 3D resins for printing molds are tuned once in the printer

-the injection of sintering ceramics, metals, polymers (such as polyimide), and exotic material feedstocks in 3D printed durable, and/or sacrificial molds has unique benefits in comparison to direct printing of highly loaded 3D photopolymer resins with powders:

-faster debinding + sintering

-affordable printers below 1000 Euro can be used for printing the molds

-better sintered material properties: higher isotropy, density, lower porosity, etc…

Manufacturing of plastics with Stereolithography

Direct and Indirect manufacturing of functional plastic materials can be undertaken by Stereolithography and Inkjet printing with high resolution printing with an accuracy 5-10 times higher than Fused Deposition Modeling FDM printing.

Our photopolymer 3D resins allow the direct manufacturing and printing of safe functional materials by Stereolithography and Inkjet printing. They are safe for printers and final users and have high mechanical properties, which are taylored to each specific application requirements, allowing direct manufacturing of the toughest printable 3D resins such as:

-3Dresyn PEEK-like, Polyetheretherketone like

-3Dresyn Biotough D90 MF ULWA Monomer Free Ultra Low Water Absorption

These rigid and tough resins have unique flexural strengths >110-130 MPa and elastic modulus >2000 MPa

-3Dresyn Nylon-like

-3Dresyns like best functional engineering plastics

Required equipment and materials for direct manufacturing of functional plastic materials:

-SLA DLP & LCD printers for direct printing of plastics or resins . Prices from 200-2000 Euro

-3D resins for direct printing: 3Dresyns like best engineering materials

Direct & Indirect AM of ceramic, metal, polymer, and exotic powder materials

Indirect manufacturing of ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic nano and micron powders using durable or sacrificial molds printed with SLA,DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D resins, permits the manufacture of ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials by injection of feedstocks / slurries by traditional injection molding (CIM, MIM, & PIM) with the advantage of being more cost competitive than metal molds manufactured by CNC.

On the other hand, direct AM of ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials with stereolithography SLA DLP, LCD and jetting printers has presented great technological challenges and limitations, such as:

-adjusting the printing parameters for each highly loaded powder material 3D printable resin is a slow and complex process. Opaque materials limit printing to thin layers of a few microns, such as 10-20 microns in direct 3D SLA printing of stainless steel.

-relatively slower debinding and sintering process, making the production process too slow (up to 7 days) vs the faster debinding of traditional CIM, MIM & PIM, because a higher percentage of photoreactive 3D resin (c. 15% by weight) is required to provide flow and printability by direct printing vs the lower percentage (c. 5%) used in traditional CIM and MIM

-reduced printed thickness down to 1-3 mm. This limitation is due to microcracking caused by the high % of photoreactive 3D resin used in the ceramic and metal 3D resin printed with stereolithography SLA and jetting printers vs traditional CIM and MIM

Benefits of Indirect AM of ceramic, metal, polymer, and exotic materials

Indirect AM of:

-ceramic and metal slurries "feedstock" for Ceramic & Metal Injection Molding CIM & MIM and additive manufacturing of technical ceramics and metals

-powder slurries "feedstock" for Powder Injection Molding PIM & additive manufacturing of polymers and exotic nano and micron materials in durable and sacrificial injection molds printed with SLA DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D resins

versus Direct AM by: Direct SLA 3D printing of sintering Ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials has several technical and production advantages since the usage of traditional feedstocks shows process and property improvements such as:

-less risk of microcracking

-no thickness limitation

-higher debinding and sintering speed

-100% isotropy vs anisotropy of direct printing of ceramics "layer by layer"

-improved final properties: higher density and lower microporosity of sintered materials

-full range of traditional technical ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials can be injected using traditional CIM, MIM & PIM feedstocks

-higher sintering density and isotropy, as well as lower microporosity vs metal Selective Laser Sintering SLS and direct printing of ceramics and metals by SLA and jetting printing

-less productivity limitations, much faster debinding and sintering times without the limitation of thickness occurring with direct ceramic and metal SLA and jetting printing

-lower costs since our 3D resins allow the printing of sacrificial or durable molds even with affordable SLA DLP LCD printers with prices ranging from 200 to 2,000 Euros with traditional injection molding machines (300-3000 Euro per injection machine) and with traditional ceramic and metal feedstocks with much cheaper overall costs than direct ceramic and metal SLA 3D resin printing

Benefits of 3Dresyns SLA DLP & LCD 3D resins for Direct AM of ceramic, metal, polymer, and exotic powder materials

3Dresyns has developed fast debinding 3D resins with the aim of providing solutions to the limitations of direct printing of ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials by 3D stereolithography and jetting. Our fast debinding 3D resins allow their use as:

-water and non water soluble 3Dresins for dispersing your chosen ceramics and metals for reducing the debinding time in direct printing of ceramics, metals, polymers, and exotic materials with SLA and Jetting

Analysis of the required equipment and materials for direct manufacturing of ceramics and metals by SLA:

-Dedicated ceramic and metal SLA printers for printing ceramics and metals 3D resins with prices ranging from 80.000-350.000 Euro

-Ceramic and metal 3D resins for direct printing ceramic and metal parts in green state

-water and non water soluble binders for dispersing your chosen ceramics and metals

-tuning of ceramic and metal 3D resins in printers is difficult and time consuming

-furnace for debinding and sintering

Benefits of 3Dresyns SLA DLP & LCD 3D resins for Indirect AM of ceramic, metal, polymer, and exotic powder materials

Our 3D resins for printing durable and sacrificial injection molds for injection of traditional ceramic, metal, polymer (such as polyimide), and exotic material feedstocks:

-durable molds are recommended for simple not intertwined shapes between the mold and the produced parts

-sacrificial molds are recommended for intertwined shapes between the mold and the produced parts

Required equipment and materials for indirect manufacturing of ceramic, metal, polymer (such as polyimide), and exotic material feedstocks:

-SLA DLP & LCD printers for printing the molds. Prices from 200-2000 Euro

-injection units/machines:

-manual micro syringes for <50€ for micro injections, such as borosilicate glass syringes or metal syringes

-manual injection units for dental applications for 300-3000€, such as this type of manual injection machines automatic injection machines with prices from 3000-7000€ or higher

3D resins for printing molds:

-3Dresyns for printing durable molds

-3Dresyns for printing sacrificial molds

-furnace for debinding and sintering

-conventional ceramic, metal, polymer (such as polyimide), and exotic material feedstocks for producing 100% pure sintered materials after injection in 3D printed molds, debinding the binder, and sintering your chosen ceramic, metal, polymer (such as polyimide), and exotic material feedstocks

3Dresyns markets

3Dresyns supplies resins to a wide range of markets and applications, which include engineering, electronics, dental, jewelry, and many more. 3Dresyns team of experts has extensive experience in material science, polymer chemistry, photochemistry, and biochemistry. The teams provides excellent service and consultation in creating custom solutions for most 3D printing needs. 3Dresyns photopolymer SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D resins have been designed to give functional solutions to existing unmet market needs in the following applications and markets:

-hobbyist "DIY, prototyping, modelling and product design

-jewelry

-medical

-dental

-otoplastics / hearing aids

-direct Production of technical ceramics and metals

-indirect Production " Injection Molding" of technical ceramics and metals with sacrificial molds

-engineering

-other applications

Applications and uses of our photopolymer SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3Dresyns

3Dresyns products have been developed for:

-modelling

-prototyping

-manufacturing small and medium scale series production lines of end use custom products

Markets and Applications of existing SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D printed products

-General purpose: 3D printed gadgets, products, models, patterns, etc...

-engineering and manufacturing: modelling, prototyping, tooling of fit and functional 3D printed products, tools, fixtures and jigs, casting and production, molding, iterative design process for improving designs by iterations aftermarket and spares/replacements

-advanced materials for end use 3D printed products:casting and production of technical ceramics and technical metals, medical devices; analyzing equipment, endoscopy equipment, etc…, dental: crowns, copings and bridges, jewelry: brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, watches, industrial applications: fit and functional end use mechanical products, tools, fixtures and jigs, molds, microreactors, medical: prosthesis, implants, others

-aerospace: aeronautics, aeromodelling, drones, modellingprototyping, production of 3D printed productstooling of fit and functional 3D printed products: jigs and fixtures, aftermarket and spares/replacements

-entertainment/Film and Animation: special effects, production of scale models, computer-generated imagery (CGI) scenes, stop motion animation, movie props, accesories and costumes, high detail models and master models for molding

-architecture: high detail architectural models

-automotive: modelling, prototyping, tooling of fit and functional 3D printed products: jigs and fixtures, casting and production, aftermarket and spares/replacements

-medical:biocompatible medical devices, medical models and devices, auditory prosthesis, dental prosthesis, bones, cutting guides, other prosthesis

-consumer goods: mass and individual customization, prototyping, spares/replacement, iterative design process

-electronics:modelling, prototyping, conductive, ESD

-hearing Aids:investment casting, molding, modelling, production, master models, hearing aid shells, ear molds, hearing protection and special headsets

-jewelry: investment casting, molding, modelling, production, master models

-orthodontics and dental: models, molds, surgical drill implant placement guides, orthodontic and dental appliances and aligners, denture bases, models with removable dies,night guards, splints, aligners, crown and bridges

-sporting goods: modelling, prototyping

-toys: modelling, prototyping

-research/Education: STEAM science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics, visual aids, design of prototypes

3Dresyns portfolio

3Dresyns offers the widest range of unifunctional, multifunctional and biocompatible photopolymer 3D resins for the 3D printing market, exhibiting these properties, advantages, and benefits:

-broadest range of 3D resins, including "monomer free" ultra safe biocompatible and functional resins

-broadest range of applications

-broadest color range: basic, special, biocompatible, food grade, RAL & NCS custom colors

-broadest range of physical properties from ultra rigid, hard and tough to flexible, soft and ultra elastic grades

-100% foldable, stretchable and twistable without breaking of hard and tough, flexible, soft and elastic grades

-bio-based and biocompatible grades

-excellent print quality and compatibility with most SLA, DLP & LCD 3D printers

-high resolution

-high gloss and transparency of clear grades

-low shrinkage

-low adhesion on FEP & PDMS resin tanks (vats)

-odorless and safe

-promote increased durability of resin tanks

-shelf life not affected by air nor moisture

-easy and fast cleaning of 3D prints and resin tanks (vat) with tap water of water cleanable grades

-solvent & water soluble 3D printed resins availability for making sacrificial molds for plastic injection molding, CIM and MIM

-durable and biodegradable grades

-organo-tin and epoxy free (BPA free)

-customisation services to meet specific performance needs

3Dresyns extensive 3D resins portfolio

3Dresyns supplies the widest range of physical properties in the worldwide market, from ultra hard and tough to flexible and elastic grades, which have excellent cure speed and mechanical properties. Our hard and flexible, flexible, soft and elastic resins are 100% foldable and can be twisted and stretched without breaking. Our elastic grades have extreme elasticity and memory, recovering to their original shape after elongation.

Our 3Dresyns are made to order and compatible with most printers, even with low cost printers. Our resins can divided in two groups: uni and multifunctional resins.

3Dresyns sells online around 500 basic SKUs (Stock Keeping Units) for identifying the color, packaging size, functionality, etc of its product portfolio. Some specialty products permit online multifunctionalization with over several thousand colors and up to 4 functional additives, among around 50 functional additive choices, which can be added online for custom design of up to 10 billion ready to use 3D resins.

After functionalization with colors and functional additives our basic or unifunctional 3Dresyns become multifunctional. Additionally, around 50 functional additives can also be purchased separately for custom addition, by your own at your chosen dosage, to meet your specifications.

3Dresyns for Orthodontic and Dental applications

“3Dresyns has developed the broadest range of biocompatible SLA DLP & LCD Dental 3D resins for printing dental and orthodontic devices, including ultra tough durable biocompatible materials used for making ultra resistant aligners, night guards, rigid and flexible dentures, durable crown and bridges, appliance models and surgical/drill guides"

Our biocompatible Orthodontic and Dental SLA DLP & LCD and Inkjet 3Dresyns are ideal for 3D printing the whole range of orthodontic and dental devices, including aligners, flexible and rigid night guards, duplication molds, positioners, bleaching splints, soft-hard contention appliance retainers and indirect bonding trays IBTs for locating accurately orthodontic brackets, impression trays, gingiva masks, implant and appliance models, drill/surgical guides, Try In (including radio opaque versions), durable crown and bridges with all VITA tooth colors, durable rigid and flexible dentures in light, medium and dark gingiva colors, including gluing adhesives in gingiva color with excellent bonding strength of teeth and denture bases.

3Dresyns resins are versatile and ideal for 3D printing different dental devices with individual products (3 in 1), such as 3Dresyn OD UHR, which can be used for "try in" devices for bite registration and occlusion, impression trays, master dental prostheses and orthodontic models, models used for manufacturing clear orthodontic aligners and appliance models with vacuum thermoforming process.

Dental 3Dresyns OD can also be custom designed for your application and printer to comply with the Quality requirements for Class I, IIa & IIb and III of FDA, ISO 20795, 13485 & 10993 for the manufacturing of orthodontic and dental medical devices.

3Dresyns OD provide excellent printing quality and very fine detail as well as excellent final performance properties, such as ultra hardness, toughness and rigidity exhibiting superior dimensional stability, and color stability.

Features and Benefits

Our Orthodontic & Dental 3Dresyns OD exhibit these features and benefits:

-simple and versatile: 2-4 resins in 1 single resin, which it can be used for a broad range of dental applications

-value for money

-high temperature resistant without deformation up to 180ºC (UHR grade) for resisting the heat during vacuum thermoforming

-high heat deflection temperature >160ºC (UHR grade)

-high resolution up to 10-20 microns

-durable grades for printing durable flexible and rigid denture bases and teeth

-ultra hard and rigid: UHR grade

-soft grades 3Dresyn OD S for making gingiva masks on implant models

-rubber grades, 3Dresyn OD R rubber mouth guards

-flexible F grades, 3Dresyn OD F for printing flexible night guards

-tough and foldable TF grades at Shore hardness D60-70 with retention and certain flexibility without breaking for direct printing of aligners

-water soluble sacrifical grades for printing water soluble sacrificial molds with SLA DLP & LCD printers

-high tensile strength >70-130 MPa

-durable materials with non yellowing

-no color sedimentation

-very low shrinkage

-printable by most commercial and professional SLA, DLP & LCD 3D printers

-increased durability of the resin tank

-organo-tin, phtalate and epoxy (BPA) free

-select your custom color (RAL/NCS) and all Vita tooth colors

-compliant with the Quality requirements for Class I, IIa & IIb

About Certification of biomedical devices and food and pharma packaging

3D resins are raw materials, not finished medical devices. Photopolymer 3D resins are liquid photo reactive raw materials, which photopolymerise or react with light in the printers, normally layer by layer, to cure or become printed solid materials with specific shapes and functionalities to comply with the quality requirements of a broad range of biomedical devices and packaging, including dental, orthodontic, hearing, implant, prosthesis, food, and pharmaceutical devices and packaging.

Biocompatibility certifications of photoreactive liquid photopolymers "3D resins" considering them as medical and packaging devices are considered as "placing on the market unsafe non-conforming products or products to which the CE marking has been affixed falsely or in a misleading manner". For more info read: CE marking and Health & Safety concerns of "certified" 3Dresins

EU legislation forbids to affix the CE marking (and any sort of medical device certification) to products (raw materials) for which EU specifications do not exist or do not require the affixing of CE marking, as clearly highlighted in the relevant EU regulation on product requirements and market surveillance

CE marking and certifications of 3D resins, pretending to consider them medical devices are forbidden, non legally valid, non relevant, misleading, do not make any sense, nor provide any warranty, nor safety, nor biocompatibility assurance for medical device manufacturers and final users, since most photopolymer 3D resins are cytotoxic before and even after printing unless they are custom designed in tune with appropriate equipment, printing, and processing workflows to ensure their full cure, cleansing, and safety.

Biomedical device and food and pharmaceutical packaging manufacturers need to design high quality medical devices and packaging products with compliant raw materials "3D resins", equipment, workflows, processes, and protocols to achieve the required biocompatibility for each class of biomedical device or packaging system.

Biocompatible resins and devices need to be designed properly with safe ultra low leachable / extractable ingredients, to ensure that once properly manufactured (printed, postcured and postprocessed) are free of leachables, extractables, contaminants, residuals, reaction byproducts, and any potential unreacted monomers, before commercialization and usage.

3Dresyns statement:

The biocompatibility failure of the mentioned commercial resins might have happened to any biocompatible resin, even to the most biocompatible resins if and when they would not had been properly printed and postprocessed. Reasons for biocompatibility failure

Biocompatibility and safety failure can be due to an inadequate resin design from its conception, and/or due to an inadequate postcuring and postprocessing, leaving the medical device or packaging system full of leachables, extractables, unreacted monomers, residuals, reaction byproducts, and contaminants.

3Dresyns statement: "3D resin suppliers cannot ensure, nor grant any warranty, as a blank cheque, of certifiability since the quality and safety of any manufactured biomedical device it is beyond its competence and control. Nevertheless, 3D resin manufacturers are responsible for making resins compliant with the quality requirements of the claimed standards, for aiding manufacturers in getting the required certifications for making biomedical devices" Analysis and split of 3D resin and medical device manufacturer responsibilities for biocompatibility:

3D resin suppliers are responsible for designing and producing resins compliant with the safety and quality required by the regulatory for the medical device class and sort they have been designed for: 3D resins need to be designed with as safe as possible ingredients, with the lowest possible leachability risk after appropriate curing, printing, postcuring, and postprocessing, to reduce the risk of causing cytotoxicity and potential health hazards 3D resin suppliers cannot be liable nor responsible for leachables and extractables when inappropriate curing, printing, postcuring, and postprocessing equipment, protocols and controls are used by medical device manufacturers in their premises and under their own responsibility as final medical device manufacturers Medical device manufacturers are responsible for designing and producing certified medical devices compliant and in accordance to the applicable regulations for which they should obtaine their own certification for producing the specific sort and class of the produced 3D printed medical devices (and/or packaging): medical devices need to be designed with safe low leachable biocompatible raw materials "3D resins", after appropriate curing, printing, postcuring, and postprocessing, to avoid the risk of causing cytotoxicity and potential health hazards manufacturers need to use compliant 3D resins (not certified 3D resins), printers, postprocessing equipments, quality control* instrumentation, and should validate their implementation and protocolization in their production workflow for ensuring the production of safe biocompatible medical devices manufacturers are responsible for the final quality, including the overall performance and safety of their produced and traded medical devices, and for their compliancy and certification with the relevant and applicable regulatory standards

• Note: quality control by device manufacturers should include the analysis, elimination and control of any potential leachables, extractables, and contaminants before use by final customers

Quality and safety depends on the polymer conversion, which depends on the chosen 3D resin, printer, printing, postcuring, and postprocessing equipment and their specifications, as well as on the composition, safety, and concentration of all the raw materials and auxiliaries used for making medical devices, which affect and determine the risks for health of the residuals, byproducts, impurities, and contaminants, susceptible of leaching out, unless their extraction is ensured before commercialization.

Conclusions

Medical device manufacturers are responsible for using compliant 3D resins, reliable printing, postcuring, and post processing equipments, and for integrating and validating them with Good Manufacturing Practices GMP, with consistent and reliable validated manufacturing, including well designed and integrated printing, cleaning, postcuring, postprocessing, and quality control workflows and protocols to ensure maximum safety and quality of their 3D printed medical devices.

Effect of printer and printing specifications on properties

The properties of our 3D resins are tested with the following standards:

-tensile strength at yield and ultimate ISO 527-2

-Young´s modulus ISO 527-2

-% elongation at yield and ultimate ISO 527-2

-flexural strength at yield and ultimate ISO 178

-Shore hardness ISO 868

-deflection Temperature HDT@45 ISO 75

Our biocompatible 3D resins for biomedical, orthodontic and dental applications have been developed, evaluated and passed the quality requirements of several ISO standards, such as ISO 10993-1, ISO 7405 and ISO 18562-1-4 (read each product information for compliancy with relevant specific ISO standards) after have been properly printed and postprocessed with appropriate printer and postprocessing units, including appropriate quality control instrumentation, workflow processes, protocols and quality controls.

Nevertheless, medical device manufacturers are responsible of certifying their medical devices and facilities since the final quality and biocompatibility of any medical device rely on their capabilities as manufacturers, since their chosen printer, printing and overall postprocessing setups, specifications and quality controls are under their own responsibility, far beyond the control and responsibility of any 3D resin supplier.

Examples of biocompatible 3D resin testings

-ultimate flexural strength ISO 20795-1

-Young´s or Flexural modulus ISO 20795-1

-sorption ISO 20795-1

-solubility ISO 20795-1

-residual monomer ISO 20795-1

-biocompatibility: cytotoxicity ISO 10993-1

-biocompatibility: mutagenicity ISO 10993-1

-biocompatibility: erythema or edema reactions ISO 10993-1

-biocompatibility: sensitizer ISO 10993-1

-biocompatibility: systemic toxicity ISO 10993-1

Effect of printing specifications on biocompatibility and mechanical properties

Photopolymer 3D resins are photoreactive resin systems, which depending on their design, the functional additives used, the degree of cure (% conversion from monomer to polymer), the postcuring and cleaning process used for removing residuals and byproducts, can have increased or decreased biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

Their overall results can vary significantly because depend on the final 3D resin tuning or customisation to different printing, postcuring and post processing specifications, which affect the overall biocompatibility and performance properties of printed materials.

Different printers have different specifications, such as light wavelength (365, 385 and the most commonly used 405 nm) and light power across the resin tank, which can range from 0.3 to 50 mW/cm2, or even higher depending on the chosen SLA, DLP, LCD or Inkjet printer.

Photopolymer 3D resins cannot be considered finished materials, such as conventional plastics or polymers, because their biocompatibility and functionality "performance" depend on their tuning, adjustment, or customisation to the specifications of the chosen printing setup. The degree of cure and cleansing of any residuals and reaction byproducts, depend significantly on the printer power, the postcuring, cleansing and overall post processing specifications and protocols.

== Effect of fine tuning on biocompatibility and mechanical properties 3D resins require the usage of different type and dosage of functional additives, including Fine Tuners FT, Fine Tuners LB, and optionally colors for printing them with different printers since each printer technology and model use different light wavelengths and power across the vat for printing.

Depending on the resin and printer specifications, different type and dosage of fine tuners, functional additives and colors are required for adjusting printing speed and resolution, which affect the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of 3D prints. The same 3D resin tuned for different printer technologies and models can yield increased or decreased mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

As example, multifunctional 3Dresyns since are made to order for different printers may have different rheology / viscosity and mechanical properties for each particular product reference (not for different lots of the same final SKU). This is the reason for not disclosing all the properties specifications as fixed values, such as the viscosity of some 3D resins because the different 3D resin versions, as well as the final dosages of our Fine Tuners and functional additives can affect the viscosity as well as other properties, such as light fastness (yellowing), mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of prints.

Effect of printers on biocompatibility, safety and mechanical properties

The biocompatibility, safety and mechanical properties of any liquid 3D resin as supplied are not absolute because depend on the printing and post processing specifications.

Properties meed to be shown in value ranges, or with values above ">" or below "<" certain x units since different SLA, DLP and LCD printers, postcuring and postprocessing conditions affect significantly the overall physical and mechanical properties of printed resins:

low power printers, such as LCD printers, tend to yield:

-superior mechanical properties (lower brittleness), higher elongation, tensile and flexural strength, and lower rigidity "Young´s modulus" and HDT than higher power printers

-lower biocompatibility than higher lightp ower printers

very high power printers, such as strong laser printers (eg Formlabs Form 2 & 3) and high power DLP printers, tend to yield:

-inferior mechanical properties (brittleness), lower elongation, tensile and flexural strength, and higher rigidity "Young´s modulus" and HDT than lower power printers

-higher biocompatibility

Key variables affecting mechanical performance of 3D prints

Biocompatibility, safety and mechanical properties depend and are affected by the sum of several variables:

-resin composition: inadequate design of 3D resins can lead to the usage of toxic and poor perfoming raw materials affecting the biocompatibility, safety and mechanical properties of 3D printed resins

-printing apecifications: light power, wavelength and energy dosage

-printing orientation: vertical, horizontal, and different angle printing of dog bones and bars for testing eg elongation, tensile and flexural strengths provide significantly different quantitative values due to anisotropy since 3D printed materials are typically printed layer by layer exhibiting lower or higher interlayer weakness and mechanical properties in the X, Y and Z directions

-cleaning chemicals: the use of isopropanol IPA reduces significantly the mechanical properties of most materials, weakening and making them fragile: discover our processing auxiliaries and cleaning products for cleansing 3D prints

-light and thermal postcuring: wavelength, power, dry or by dipping, with or without O2, postcuring time and temperature affect the degree of cure, the residual uncured monomer content, biocompatibility and safety, a too short postcuring can decrease biocompatibility and safety, an excessive postcuring cycle causes yellowing and brittleness

-others

Tg, HDT, and mechanical properties depend on printing specifications

The heat deflection temperature (HDT) of amorphous materials is related to the glass transition temperature (Tg) for amorphous materials, or to the melting temperature for crystalline materials.

About Tg

The Tg is the temperature at which increased molecular mobility results in significant changes in the thermal properties of the amorphous portion of polymers. Above the glass transition temperature, polymers gain mobility and expand isotropically, becoming rubbery and ductile.

Tg is an important parameter used for identification of plastics. The Tg value is the temperature range at which the amorphous phase of polymers change from hard to soft. The concentration of crystalline regions in amorphous (semicrystalline) polymers affects the rigidity of the polymer. Additives, residuals, moisture, etc. can lower the Tg, which is also influenced by the degree of curing and molecular weight. Below certain molecular weight Tg of polymers increase with increasing molecular weight until certain point. Molecular weights depend on the energy dosage (light power by exposure time) used for curing photo polymers (3D resins). Consequently, Tg of 3D resins depends on the kinetics, or printing specifications. Depending on the light power, wavelength, exposure time, energy dosage, etc, Tg can vary in certain temperature range. Laser printers, due to hteir strong laser, tend to increase the Tg, whilst low power LCD printers tend to decrease the Tg.

About 3D resins amorphous structures

3D resins due to their compositional characteristics and fast kinetics during printing are amorphous plastics, having most of them only a unique refractive index, and consequently are transparent to light, unless they are colored with dyes, colorants, or pigments.

Consequently, since most 3D resins are not crystalline, they do not have any melting temperature (Tm). In reality, most of them are thermosets, which upon heating may soften (but not melt), more or less depending on the crosslink density, and on the Tg of their building blocks. The crosslink density is affected by the kinetics, consequently the higher the crosslink density, the higher the Tg of a photopolymer system.

About HDT

Heat deflection temperature is defined as the temperature at which a standard test bar deflects a specified distance under a load. HDT is measured for specimens of certain dimensions: a sample bar of standard dimensions (127x 13 x 12 mm) deflects by 0.25 mm under a centered standard flexural load of 0.45 MPa or 1.80 MPa (ASTM D 648). ISO 75-1 uses a similar a load of 0.45 MPa or 1.80 MPa but deflection is measured by 0.32 mm deflection for ISO flatwise, and 0.34 mm deflection for ISO edgewise. ISO edgewise testing uses a bar 120mm x 10mm x 4mm. ISO flatwise testing uses a bar 80mm x 10mm x 4mm.

The test bar is submerged in oil for which the temperature is raised at a uniform rate (usually 2°C per minute). The load is applied to the midpoint of the test bar that is supported near both ends. The temperature at which a bar of material is deformed 0.25mm is recorded as the HDT.

About Tg and HDT

The HDT is a useful indicator of the temperature limit above which the material cannot be used without deformation at certain thickness.

However, HDT and Tg (or Tm) are related are not the same. The Tg describes the temperature at which vitrification or glassification begins, e.g. when "freezing" of the movements of chain segments takes place, whereas the HDT is a macroscopic measure of the "stiffness loss" of a material of certain dimension above certain temperature.

HDT and Tg are influenced by the kinetics or printing specifications of the 3D printing system. Undercuring, normally leaves materials softer in comparison to the same 3D resins printed with higher energy dosage, or when they are over cured, which normally end up being harder, more rigid, and with higher HDT Effect of light power on Tg and HDT

The curing or printing of a reference 3D resin with the same total energy dosage does not yield the same Young modulus, HDT, tensile and flexural strength with different settings, such as with these two extreme conditions:

-very low power with long exposure time, such as LCD printers tend to yield superior mechanical properties (lower brittleness), higher elongation, tensile and flexural strength and lower rigidity "Young´s modulus" and HDT than higher power printers, such as laser printers.

-very high power with short exposure time, such as with strong laser printers eg Formlabs Form 2 & 3 tend to yield inferior mechanical properties (brittleness), lower elongation, tensile and flexural strength and higher rigidity "Young´s modulus" and HDT than lower power LCD printers.

For unfilled 3D resin systems, the majority of 3D resins, HDT and Tg are often closely related. However, ceramic fillers, reinforcement additives, and fillers increase the HDT making the materials stiffer whereas the Tg is not affected by these ingredients since it describes the softening of the polymer backbone itself.

For conventional plastic applications the HDT is often a better measure for the temperature application limit than the Tg (or Tm). In 3D printing both are useful information and complement one another since the final mechanical properties of liquid 3D resins as supplied, depend significantly on the printing specifications, to say, the wavelength, power of the ligh source, the exposure time per layer, the layer thickness, the oveall energy dosage, the orientation of prints, the cleaning, light postcuring and post processing specifications, etc. All these variables can affect several tens of degress the HDT values, as well as other key mechanical properties of 3D printed resins.

Conclusions

Light power, wavelength, and energy dosage can affect significantly the Tg and HDT values, as well as the Young or elastic modulus of 3D printed resins.

Tg, HDT, and mechanical properties of liquid 3D resins as supplied are relative since depend on printing and post processing specifications.

Young modulus, HDT, tensile, and flexural strength depend on the printing specifications: the lower the power and the energy dosage above certain minimum point, the -higher the mechanical performance for most 3D printed resins

-superior mechanical properties (lower brittleness), higher elongation, tensile and flexural strength and lower rigidity "Young´s modulus" and HDT can be obtained with relatively lower power printers, such as LCD printers

-inferior mechanical properties (brittleness), lower elongation, tensile and flexural strength, and higher rigidity "Young´s modulus" and HDT can be obtained with relatively higher power printers, such as laser printers

Absolute Tg and HDT values may be misleading because most 3D printed materials have smaller feature sizes than the thickness of the test bars used in the standards ASTM D 648 and ISO 75-1. Even, the most rigid materials can appear flexible below certain thickness as well as flexible materials may appear rigid above certain thickness.

3Dresyns nano & micron products for 2D & 3D printing exotic materials

3Dresyns portfolio of nano and micron materials for nanotechnology, microtechnology, and higher scale size Additive Manufacturing

The most extensive 3D nanotechnology product portfolio on the market including thousands of nano and micron sized "exotic" materials for functionalising our custom designed resins to meet your overall specifications. The final printed resins can be:

-final 3D printed objects printed with our 3D resins filled and functionalized with your chosen nano or micron materials with the mechanical properties of the custom designed or chosen unfilled 3D resin, or -final 3D sintered objects composed of 100% of your chosen nano or micron materials, made by injection molding of nano & micron slurries of your chosen nano and micron sized "exotic" materials injected in 3D printed sacrificial molds, for intertwined parts with the mold, or in durable molds (for non-intertwined parts with the mold) printed with our sacrificial or durable 3D resins for making injection molds

Cost effective injection equipment of nano & micron products at higher scale size Additive Manufacturing:

3Dresyns nano and micron materials can be supplied as solid feedstocks at room temperature in metal cartridges of 25 mm external diameter for direct injection in 3D printed durable or sacrificial molds in low cost manual injection machines.

List of our extensive portfolio of "exotic" nano and micron materials, which can be used as functional additives or fillers in our 3D resins, or pure after debinding and sintering, shown in alphabetical order:

Alloys

Al-Si Aluminum Silicon Al 6061 Al 7075 Al-Zr Aluminum Zirconium AZ31 Magnesium AZ91 Magnesium Bi-Sn, Bi-Sn-In, Co-Cr Cobalt Chromium, Cu-Ni Copper Nickel, Cu-Sn Copper Tin, Cu-Zn Copper Zinc, Ga-In-Sn Galinstan, Ga-In, Fe-Ni Iron Nickel, In-Bi-Sn, Ni-Ti Nickel Titanium, Ni-Cr Nickel Chromium, SS316 Stainless Steel type 316

Aluminum (Al)

Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH3)

Aluminum Nitride (AlN)

Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)

Aluminum-Silicon（Al-Si) Grey aluminum-silicon alloys are used in wear resistant mechanical devices, in the production of lightweight materials and as catalyst support.

Antimony (Sb)

Antimony Tin Oxide (ATO) Used in electronics and optics, in display panels due to its antistatic, infrared absorbance, and transparent conductivity. Also for sunlight shielding solid, and transparent substrate for sunlight shielding.

Antimony Trioxide (Sb2O3)

Bakelite

Barium (Ba)

Barium Carbonate (BaCO3)

Barium Ferrite (BaFe12O19)

Barium Titanate (BaTiO3 or BTO) White cubic barium titanate has unique optical and electric properties and it is used in data storage, ceramics, lasers, micro-capacitors, etc.

• Data storage. Used in high-density optical data storage

• Dynamic holography. Used in production of mirrors and lasers

• Ceramics. Used in ferroelectric ceramics, semiconductive ceramics and ceramic capacitors• Computing. Used in optical computing, on-chip programming, pattern recognition, optical image processing

• Electronics: Used in piezoelectric devices, micro-capacitors, pyroelectric sensors, varistors, dielectric amplifiers and assorted electro-optic devices

Discover our 3Dresyn HP1 BTO70 with high relative permittivity "dielectric constant": typical values 8-9 εr units and loss tangent δ<0.04 at 10-20 GHz containing 70% by weight of Barium Titanate BTO

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP)

Boehmite

Boron (B) Black or brown Boron is used in high speed cutting applications due to its thermal and abrasive properties

• Ignition. Used in charcoal briquettes, fuels, torches

• Corrosion inhibition. Used in anti-freeze, brake fluids, hydraulic systems

• Photoelectric applications. Used in photography, tanning, electrolytic condensation, fuel cells

Boron Carbide (B4C)

Boron Nitride (BN)

Boron Oxide (B2O3)

Beryllium (Be)

Bismuth (Bi) Dark grey or black Bismuth is used in a variety of fields including:

• Lubricant additives with low toxicity

• Nuclear heat transfer medium for nuclear reactors

• Medical imaging agent as contrast agent for medical imaging and cancer treatment

• Metallurgical industry as alloying agent for the production and joining of certain metals

Bismuth Oxide (Bi2O3)

Bismuth Sulfide (Bi2S3)

Cadmium (Cd)

Calcium Copper Titanate (CaCu3Ti4O12)

Calcium Oxide (CaO)

Cadmium Selenide (CdSe)

Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)

Carbon (C)

Carbon Aluminum Nitride (AlNC) Carbon aluminum nitride has high thermal conductivity, high hardness and high electrical conductivity. It has a Tm c. 2200℃ and density 3.26 g/cm3. AlCN is used in electronic devices (integrated circuit boards, electronic packaging materials), optical devices, polymer matrix composites, metal matrix, in heat seal adhesives, , high thermally conductive ceramics, high temperature crucibles, heat sinks, and thermally conductive fillers for polymers.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Carbon nanotubes exhibit very high electrical and optical properties. Their shape is a thin empty cylinder. CNTs have a very high Elastic modulus c.1 TPa) which is nearly as high as the elastic modulus of diamond (1,2 TPa). CNTs have higher conductivity than silver and higher mechanical strength than steel. Used in Electronic diode, transistors, field emission, composite materials with electrical and thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength), hydrogen storage, supercapacitors, organic solar cells, touchable screens, biosensors, rechargeable Li batteries, etc. Types:

Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Composite Wires of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotube Nanoribbon

Carbon Nanotube Sponges

CNT Dispersions Carbon nanotubes dispersions are strong, flexible and cohesive. Carbon nanotubes are used as energy storage, in lithium-ion batteries, super capacitors, biosensors, medical devices, as a flame-retardants for replacing the existing non-environmentally friendly halogenated flame retardants used in the polymer industry, etc. Double-Walled CNTs

Double-Walled CNTs (DWCNTs, DWNTs) comprises of two nanotubes, with one settled inside the other. The distinctions in the widths and chirality of the two nanotubes can create shifting degrees of collaboration between the two tubes. Additionally, the external nanotubes can be modified without modifying the internal nanotube, achieving metallic-metallic, semiconducting-metallic, metallic-semiconducting or semiconducting-semiconducting interactions. Due to their great thermal, mechanical and electrical properties are used in photovoltaics, gas sensors for identification of gases, dielectrics, field-emission displays, composites, etc.

Single-Walled CNTs

Single-Walled CNTs (SWCNTs, SWNTs) are one atom thick sheets of carbon atoms in a honeycomb lattice which exhibit high electrical conductivity (higher conductivity than copper and gold) showing both metallic and semiconducting electronic structures, high mechanical strength (stronger than steel), and high thermal conductivity properties (nearly 10 times higher than copper). Single-Walled CNTs are used in nano sensors, field-emission displays, nanocomposite materials, logic elements, etc.

Graphitized Multi-Walled CNTs

Short Length Multi-Walled CNTs

Multi-Walled CNTs (MWCNTs)

Carbon Titanium Nitride (TiNC)

TiNC is a abrasion resistant ceramic micronized coating with high hardness, toughness, and very low coefficient of friction. It is used in industrial tooling for protective wear resistance.

Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNCs)

Cerium (Ce)

Cerium Oxide (CeO2)

Cesium Tungsten Oxide (Cs2W04)

Cesium Tungsten Oxide nanoparticles are hygroscopic clear crystals in the Visible 400-800 nm but opaque at 800-1200 nm allowing its use in LED NIR shielding devices.

Chitosan (CH)

Chromium (Cr)

Chromium Carbide (Cr3C2)

Chromium Nitride (CrN)

Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3)

Cobalt (Co)

Cobalt Iron Oxide (CoFe2O4)

Cobalt Oxide (CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4)

Copper (Cu)

Copper Oxide

Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O)

Dysprosium (Dy)

Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3)

Erbium (Er)

Erbium Oxide (Er2O3)

Europium (Eu)

Europium Oxide (EuO, Eu2O3)

Ferucarbotran (FCT)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are used as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Ferucarbotran is a biocompatible SPIO-coated carboxydextran with a diameter of about 45-60 nm

Fullerene (Cn)

Fullerene is a C allotrope with spherical, elliptical or tubular structure. The structure of fullerene is similar to graphite. The difference is fullerene has five-membered rings, while graphite has six membered rings. Fullerene is harder than diamond, 100 times stronger than steel, more conductive than copper. It is used as conductor, absorbent for gases, lubricant, in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as diagnostic reagents, super drugs, cosmetics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and in few in industrial applications, such as solar batterys, fuel cells, secondary batteries, abrasion resistant materials, flame and fire retardants materials, high-performance membranes, catalysts, artificial diamonds, hard alloys, filters, high-performance coatings, bioactive materials, memory materials, composites, semiconductor record mediums, magnetic materials, printing inks, toner, inks, electronic superconductors, semiconductors, diodes, transistors, inductors, optical materials, electronic cameras, fluorescence display tubes, nonlinear optical materials etc. Types:

Fullerene-C60

Fullerene-C70

Polyhydroxylated Fullerene (Fullerenols)

Gadolinium (Gd)

Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3)

Germanium (Ge) Black Germanium is used in optical applications and in energy, medicine, electronics and imaging applications

• Energy applications for lithium-ion batteries due to its high surface area

• Medical applications. Anti-inflammatory and circulatory improvement of the immune system

• Electronic applications. Used in integrated circuits utilizing germanium in silicon-germanium alloys

• Imaging applications: optical properties, medical imaging

Gold (Au) Gold is used in aesthetics and high-tech optical-electronic applications: medical imaging, photography, and other optical/imaging applications. It is also used in cancer diagnosis, photothermal therapy and conductive electronic applications

Graphene (C) Graphene is atomically thin layered crystalline carbon. It has electrical conductivity, high surface area, increased adsorption and transparency properties. Graphene is used as electrode material in batteries for increased capacity, charge-discharge frequency and longevity, in transparent electronics such as touch screens, LCDs or OLEDs and as chemical insulation material. Graphene is also used in tissue engineering, bioimaging, medical devices and pharmacology.

• Medical devices. Used in bio-sensors, diagnosis devices, microbial detectors, DNA sequencing tools

• Bioimaging. Used in contrast agent for photoaucustic and thermoacustic imaging.

• Tissue engineering. Used in reinforcement agent in various composites for bone tissue applications

• Biomicrorobotics. Used in biomicrorobotics as living humidity sensor.

• Drug delivery. Used in cancer drug delivery applications

Graphene types:

CVD Graphene

Functionalized Graphene

Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP)

Graphene Oxide (GO)

Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)

Discover our graphene products

Graphite (C)

Graphite Fluoride (CF)

HafniHum (Hf)

Hafnium Carbide (HfC)

Hafnium Diboride (HfB2)

Hafnium Oxide (HfO2)

Halloysite nanotubes (HNT)

Holmium (Ho)

Holmium Oxide (Ho2O3)

Hydroxyapatite (HA)

Indium (In)

Indium Hydroxide (In(OH)3)

Indium Oxide (In2O3)

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)

Iron (Fe) Grey or black iron is used in electronics, medicine, imaging, environmental management, data storage:

• Probing. Used in tools for recording magnetic activity.

• Recording media. Used in magnetic data storage and recording

• Ferro fluids and pastes. Used in ferro fluids, magnetic pastes, and similar compounds.

• Medical applications. Used in imaging solutions and drug carrier for certain delivery mechanisms.

• Environmental applications. Used in soil contamination, helping to degrade heavy metals and other compromising environmental hazards.

• Catalysts

• Electromagnetic-wave absorption. Used in shielding solutions

Iron Oxide (FexOy) (Fe2O3, Fe3O4)

Lanthanum (La)

Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6)

Lanthanum Nickelate (La3Ni2O7)

Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3)

Lanthanum Trifluoride (LaF3)

Lead (Pb)

Lead Oxide (PbxOy)

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

Lignin

Lithium Fluoride (LiF)

Lithium Metaborate (LiBO2)

LK-99 (Pb9Cu(PO4)6O)

Lutetium Oxide (Lu2O3)

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)

Magnesium Hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)

Magnesium Nitride (Mg3N2)

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

Manganese (Mn)

Manganese Ferrite Black Oxide ((Fe,Mn)3O4) It has excellent light, heat, chemical fastness, and outdoor durability. Used in non-bleeding non-migratory polymers and coatings

Manganese Iron Oxide (MnFe2O4) Used as a catalyst to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOC) of air emissions to parts per billion (ppb).

Manganese Oxide (MnxOy)

Magnetic materials

Magnetic Iron oxide (Fe2O3) Magnetic Iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetite Molybdenum (Mo)

Molybdenum Carbide (Mo2C)

Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)

Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) Grey Nano Molybdenum Disulfide is used in solid lubricant materials for equipment, space vehicles, satellites and military vehicles, but also as catalyst, and in composites.

Molybdenum Trioxide (MoO3(H2O)x)

Nanocellulose

Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs)

Cellulose Nanofiber

Cellulose Suspension

Neodymium (Nd)

Neodymium magnet (NdFeB, NIB, or Neo)

Neodymium Oxide (Nd2O3)

Nickel (Ni)

Nickel Cobalt Iron Oxide (NixCo1-xFe2O4) It has good magnetic properties. It can be used as catalyst, for high density magnetic recording media, and lithium ion micro batteries.

Nickel Hydroxide (Ni(OH)2)

Nickel Iron Oxide (NiFe2O4) It is used as an adsorbent to remove hexavalent chromium ions from waste water, permeable additive in membrane fabrication, and as electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in anodic deposition.

Nickel Oxide (NiO)

Niobium (Nb)

Niobium Carbide (NbC, Nb2C)

Phosphorus (P)

Platinum (Pt)

Platinum Oxide (PtO2) Adam´s catalyst

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)

Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK)

Polyimide (PI)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Praseodymium (Pr)

Praseodymium Oxide (PrxOy)

Promethium (Pm)

Quantum Dots Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles with sizes < 20 nm, which contain around 200-1000 atoms. They are used in applications such as biosensors, photodetectors, solar cells, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), gene and drug delivery, bioimaging, photocatalysts, etc. Types:

Cadmium Selenide Quantum Dots (CdSe/ZnS)

Cadmium Selenide quantum dots emit visible light between 460 and 645 nm. CdSe QDs exhibit electroluminescence, high luminescence and quantum yields and are used in applications such as LEDs, solar cells, display devices, bio sensors, single electron transistors, bioimaging, etc.

Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD)

Carbon quantum dots are spherical semiconductors with sizes < 10 nm, which exhibit luminescence and electronic properties. Due to their low toxicity is used for biomedical applications, such as biosensors, drug delivery, besides in optronics, photovoltaics, bioimaging and photocatalysts.

Graphene Quantum Dots (GQD)

Graphene quantum dots have high surface to volume ratio and sizes < 100 nm with mean sizes of 2-20 nm. They are biocompatible and have high electronic and photoluminescence properties. They are used in drug delivery systems, as well as in bioimaging, solar cells, biosensors, supercapacitors, microsupercapacitors, LEDs, etc.

Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots (InP/ZnS QD)

Indium phosphide quantum dots are semiconductors with sizes <30 nm. It exhibits high photoluminescence, optical, electrical and biocompatibility properties. It is used in medical applications like bioimaging, LEDs, electronic devices, solar cells, etc.

Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots (PbS QD)

Lead sulfide quantum dots have size-tunable band-edge absorption depending on particle size. PbS QDs used in photodetectors, electrocatalysis, LEDs, photovoltaics, solar cells, transistors, etc.

Perovskite Quantum Dots (PVK QD)

Perovskite quantum dots are semiconductors with outstanding photoluminescence and quantum yields, used in electronic and optoelectronic applications, such as LEDs, biosensors, photodetectors, solar cells, bioimaging, photocatalysts, etc.

Zinc Selenide Quantum Dots (ZnSe/ZnS QD)

Zinc selenide quantum dots are semiconductors with sizes <30 nm an a wide band gap. They are used for doping processes and in applications such as biological markers, scintillators, sensors, solar cells, photocatalysts, LEDs, etc.

Rare Earth elements

Cerium (Ce)

Dysprosium (Dy)

Erbium (Er)

Europium (Eu)

Gadolinium (Gd)

Holmium (Ho)

Lanthanum (La)

Neodymium (Nd)

Praseodymium (Pr)

Samarium (Sm)

Scandium (Sc)

Terbium (Tb)

Thulium (Tm)

Ytterbium (Yb)

Yttrium (Y)

Rare Earth Compounds

Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6)

Lanthanum Trifluoride (LaF3)

Yttrium Aluminate (Y3Al5O12)

Rare Earth Oxides

Cerium Oxide (CeO2)

Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3)

Erbium Oxide (Er2O3)

Europium Oxide (Eu2O3)

Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3)

Holmium Oxide (Ho2O3)

Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3)

Lutetium Oxide (Lu2O3)

Neodymium Oxide (Nd2O3)

Praseodymium Oxide (Pr6O11)

Samarium Oxide (Sm2O3)

Scandium Oxide (Sc2O3)

Terbium Oxide (Tb4O7)

Thulium Oxide (Tm2O3)

Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3)

Samarium (Sm)

Samarium Oxide (Sm2O3)

Scandium (Sc)

Scandium Oxide (Sc2O3)

Selenium (Se)

Selenium Dioxide (SeO2)

Sepiolite

Silicon (Si) Yellow-brown Silicon (Si) is used in optical and semiconductive applications as semiconductor with high specific surface area, and in rechargeable batteries as the negative electrode material for improved capacity.

• Optical properties confinement of electrons and quantum effects, besides aesthetic design, energy, biomedicine and biosensing.

• Semiconductors: quantum confinement seen at the nanostructure size, silicon nanoparticles have seen intense research as a semiconductive material. Precision electronics manufacturing and production

• Solar Energy Cell. solar energy cells production, thin film solar cells, and amorphous silicon solar cells

• Lithium-ion Battery. Lithium-ion batteries with triple the energy storage potential of regular lithium-ion batteries

Silicon Carbide (SiC) Black Silicon Carbide or carborundum, is a semiconductor containing silicon and carbon. Silicon Carbide is a high chemical and temperature resistant semiconductor material. It has higher hardness and strength than corundum. Sintered Silicon Carbide forms very hard ceramics used in high endurance applications, such as brake pads, or clutch facings, ceramic plates, grinding, honing, water jet cutting, sandblasting, brake discs.

Silicon Dioxide or silica (SiO2) Amorphous Silica or Fumed Silica is used as a filler in plastics, for insulation and for making 3D printed glass.

Discover our Silica related products and glass related products

Silicon Hexaboride (SiB6)

Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) Nano Silicon Nitride has a very high hardness, between corundum and diamond, and high tensile strength at room and at high temperature. Nano Si3N4 is used in higher stress and temperature resistant cutting tools, turbine blades, rotors, and dies.

Silver (Ag) Silver has excellent antibacterial and antibiotic characteristics. It is used in surface coatings of electronics, textiles, metals, woods, ceramics, glass, papers, plastics in hospitals, and clean rooms. Silver is used in biotechnical, pharmacological, medical, anti-microbial, electronics “conductive” applications:

Anti-microbial applications: Silver suppress pathogens and used in detergents, toys and consumer products Conductive applications: used im conductive materials production, including LCD and LED screens, touch screens, used in microelectronics Chemical applications: used in ethylene oxidation reactions and in chemical vapor sensors and other devices Optical applications: used in solar cells, medical imaging equipment, optical limiters, spectroscopic equipment, etc Pharmacological applications: used in antimicrobial, cell dying and genetic tests

Silver (Ag) nanowires Silver nanowires have potential usage in solar cells and flexible displays, and can replace indium tin oxide due to its flexibility, clarity, and electrical conductivity.

Silver-carrying halloysite nanotubes (Ag-HNT)

Strontium Iron Oxide It is magnetic with high surface. Used as additive in flares, pyrotechnics. Provides high refractive index to glass.

Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3)

Sulphur (S)

Tantalum (Ta)

Tantalum Carbide (TaCx)

Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta2O5)

Tellurium (Te)

Tellurium Dioxide (TeO2)

Terbium Oxide (TbxOy)

Thulium (Tm)

Thulium Oxide (Tm2O3)

Tin (Sn)

Tin Dioxide (SnO2)

Titanium (Ti)

Titanium Aluminum Carbide (Ti3AlC2) It has high oxidation resistance, self-lubrication, high fracture toughness, and conductivity. Used as high temperature resistance material for electrode brushes, chemical anticorrosive, high temperature resistant heating elements, and coatings, as MXene precursors, conductive self-lubricating ceramics, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, electrochemical catalysts, etc.

Titanium Carbide (TiC) Titanium Carbide has high hardness and temperature resistance with a melting point above 3100°C. It is used in grinding devices, grinding pastes or grinding wheels.

Titanium Diboride (TiB2)

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Titanium Dioxide has excellent UV light absorption. It has good chemical and thermal stability. It is insoluble in water, organic acids, and weak inorganic acids, however is soluble in sulphuric acid, alkali and hydrofluoric acids. Titanium Dioxide is used in cosmetics, inks, coatings, plastics, food packing materials, and generally as a UV-filter.

Titanium Hydride (TiH2)

Titanium Nitride (TiN) Titanium Nitride is non-toxic and chemically inert with high thermal conductivity and infrared absorption. It is used in PET bottles for increased durability, light fastness for increased shelf-life of drinks

Titanium Oxynitride (TiOxNy) Used for nano photonic applications

Titanium Silicon Carbide

Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten Carbide (WC)

Tungsten Carbide Cobalt (WC/Co) It has very high hardness and wear resistance. Used in tools for milling, drilling, pressing, and punching. Also used insurgical instruments and in rotating balls of ball point pens.

Tungsten Disulfide (WS2) Tungsten Disulfide is a solid lubricant with superior chemical and physical properties; high stability at high temperature and pressure. Used in greases, oils or lubricants for high performance friction materials, and in solid lubricant materials exposed to high temperature pressure, vacuum, loads, radiation and/or corrosive environments.

Tungsten Trioxide (WO3)

Vanadium (V)

Vanadium Carbide (VC)

Vanadium Nitride (V2N)

Vanadium Oxide (VxOy)

Ytterbium (Yb)

Yttrium (Y)

Yttrium Aluminate (Y3Al5O12) It has high strength and thermal stability up to 1970°C. Used as a host material for ions such as neodymium (Nd), erbium (Er), and cerium (Ce). Used in optical applications such as active optical filters, solid-state lasers, fluorescent materials, and phosphor powders for cathode ray tubes. It is used for insulating or refractory coatings and as a co-catalyst in photocatalytic applications.

Yttrium Fluoride (YF3)

Yttrium Oxide (YxOy)

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc Carbonate (CnCO3)

Zinc Cobalt Iron Oxide (Zn0.5Co0.5Fe2O4) Thermally stable magnetic material. Used in ceramic structures in electronics,,and in aerospace light-weight structures, for glass, optical, ceramic applicationsins, in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generators, and as potential agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Zinc Iron Oxide (ZnFe2O4) High chemical stability with superparamagnetic properties. It increases the optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of composites. Used in gas sensor applications, in medicine as an antibiotic, antibacterial, and antifungal agent. Also used in energy-effective windows, electrochromic materials, automotive back view mirrors, antiferromagnetic layers, active optical channels, special coatings, alloys, plastics, and textiles, as catalyst, as contrast agent in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

Zinc Manganese Iron Oxide (Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4) Used as antibacterial, antifungal, and antibiotic agent, in nanotechnology of nanofibers and nanowires, in electronics, textiles, plastics, and alloys, in the passivation of surfaces against corrosion, in microelectronic circuits, piezoelectrics, in fuel cells, and catalysts.

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Used in rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, adhesives, salants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants and first-aid tapes for screening of ultraviolet and infra-red light, sterilization and health protection, lowering temperature or heat insulation. improve tear resistance.

Zirconium (Zr)

Zirconium Carbide (ZrC) Zirconium Carbide has excellent oxidation resistance at high temperatures, high tensile strength, high hardness and good thermal conductivity. It is used in cemented carbides to produce cutting tools with improved heat transfer and increased wear resistance.

Zirconium Diboride (ZrB2)

Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2) Zirconium Dioxide or Zirconia has good acid, alkali, corrosion resistance, and high temperature resistance. Zirconia is used in technical ceramics, pigments, abrasive materials, jewel materials, in batteries as well as in capacitors.

Zirconium Hydride (ZrH2)

Zirconium Nitride (ZrN)

Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)

3Dresyns worldwide innovations & achievements

3Dresyns has over 50 worldwide innovations, and achievements and an immense portfolio of 3D resins, collections, and nano & micron products for 2D & 3D printing exotic materials.

Worldwide innovations and achievements of 3Dresyns related to Additive Manufacturing, Stereolithography, Inkjet printing and other printing technologies*:

2017: first and unique supplier of ultra safe monomer free 100% biocompatible SLA, DLP & LCD 3D resins: non labelled, without any risk pictograms nor even with any warning nor hazardous pictograms

2017: first and unique supplier of safe bio "plant" based SLA, DLP & LCD 3D resins made from renewable resources, including soybean and other secret nuts and beans based 3Dresyns

2017: first and unique 3D resins supplier offfering accelerants (photocatalysts) and resolution increasers for tuning 3D resins to different SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers

2017: first supplier designing a full range of durable functional 3D resins, with physical properties ranging from ultra hard and tough, hard and flexible, flexible, soft and flexible, elastic to super elastic materials

2017: first and unique supplier offering the most comprehensive range of colors,: any basic, special and any RAL or NCS custom colors

2017: first and unique supplier offering the most comprehensive range of 3D printable materials to give solutions to unmet market needs for the broadest range of high tech applications

2017: first supplier of high performance thermal debinding resins for direct 3D printing of technical ceramics and metals (SS316L) with affordable SLA DLP LCD and inkjet printers

2018: first and unique supplier of monomer free biocompatible Inkjet 3D resins and supports with no risk pictograms

2018: first and unique supplier designing postcuring and postprocessing safe cleansing and purification protocols to ensure maximum biocompatibility of 3D printed systems

2018: first and unique supplier designing postprocessing cleansing and purification additives to have over 100% pass in the cytotoxicity test and maximise biocompatibility and safety of 3D printed biomedical devices

2018 : first and unique supplier designing biodegradable 3D resins with fast biodegradability in non toxic byproducts

2018: first and unique supplier designing a whole set of 3D resins in the whole range of Shore hardness (Shore scales A and D)

2018: first and unique supplier offering SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D resins for direct production of 3D printed printing plates

2018: first and unique supplier designing ultra tough 3D resins with high hardness (Shore hardness >D80), non brittle, pliable/foldable at thin thickness without breaking

2018: first and unique supplier offering a range of safe colors without any sedimentation issues even with very low viscosity 3D resins

2018: first supplier offering SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D printed resins for direct production of 3D printed aligners with 4D shape memory with temperature

2018: first and unique supplier offering silicone and silicone like SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D resins for direct production of 3D printed silicones

2019: first and unique supplier offering a full range of high security resins for High Security Systems,including thermochromic and photochromics: anti-counterfeiting and track and trace of patent and brand / trademark infringement and counterfeiting

2019: first and unique supplier with over 100% pass in the cytotoxicity test of a SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D printed resins

2019: first and unique supplier offering a full range ESD compliant 3Dresyns and additives: Electrostatic Discharge ESD safe resins and additives to protect 3D printed materials against premature failure or damage due to electrostatic discharge in a variety of 3D printed applications such as automotive, aerospace, electronic and electrical packaging and equipment and other plastics applications.

2019: first supplier of high performance solvent and water soluble sacrificial resins for 3D printing molds for casting wax, silicone, plastics, ceramics (CIM) and metals (MIM) with deflection temperatures above 160C for high injection temperature

2019: first and unique supplier of high performance water soluble debinding resins for direct 3D printing of technical ceramics and metals

2019: first and unique supplier of high performance water soluble investment casting resins, without any imperfections, for investment high detail castings of metals for Jewelry, Dental and other Fine Arts applications

2019: first and unique supplier offering water cleanable / washable 3D resins, made from renewable green resources for high detail investment casting without any imperfections, for investment high detail castings of metals for Jewelry, Dental and other Fine Arts applications

2019: first and unique supplier offering a full range of special effects food grade ultrasafe 100% biocompatible "Bio" colors: not labelled, without pictograms

2019: first and unique supplier offering a full range of photopolymer Inkjet 3D resins for functional applications, including Engineering and Biomedical applications

2019: first and unique supplier offering 100% biocompatible, without any risk pictograms, non radiactive, radio opaque concentrates for printing 3D radio opaque devices to x-ray, CAT or CT scans

2019: first and unique supplier offering a full range of 100% biocompatible accelerants (photocatalysts) and resolution increasers (not labelled, without any pictograms nor hazards)

2019: first and unique supplier offering a full biocompatible 3D printing workflow, including the usage of 100% biocompatible functional resin systems, a whole portfolio of ultrasafe fine tuning additives and optimum printing, cleaning, postcuring and postprocessing protocols to ensure maximum biocompatibility

2019 first and unique supplier offering fully biodegradable 3D printing resins, including 100% biodegradable functional resins, a whole portfolio of ultrasafe and degradable, non toxic to aquatic life, fine tuning additives and colors to ensure maximum biodegradability by microorganisms / bacterii.

2020 first and unique supplier of ultra safe, unlabeled, photo oxidative oxo-degradable catalysts "prodegradants" as well as biocatalysts, containing enzymes and microorganisms, for fast biodegradation of 3D printed plastic materials in the outdoor environment.

2020: first and unique supplier offering clear and colored non radiactive, neutron absorber concentrates for printing radiation shielding materials for nuclear industry and radiation and collimated beam devices

2020: first and unique supplier offering a full portfolio of 100% biocompatible natural based composite concentrates for functionalizing and improving the physical and mechanical properties of 3D resins.

2020: first and unique supplier offering cleansing system for disinfecting 3D prints and any plastic surfaces for avoiding corona virus (COVID-19) propagation

2020: first and unique supplier offering long lasting microcrorganism growth Inhibitors for mass disinfection of 3D printing resins for mass disinfection of 3D printing resins preventing the growth of microorganisms such bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists and viruses, including corona virus (COVID-19).

2020: first and unique supplier offering ready to use electrically conductive additives and resins, based on silver nanowires / nanoparticles, and nano graphene for 3D printing high conductivity SLA 3D resins for electronics e.g. antennas for IoT applications (HF, UHF), RFID and NFC tags, OLED, OPVs, flexible PCBs, flexible cables, etc...

2020: first supplier of high performance of water soluble and low temperature thermal debinding resins for direct 3D printing of technical ceramics and metals (SS316L) with affordable SLA DLP LCD and inkjet printers

2020: first supplier offering ultra safe and tough functional biocompatible (monomer free) resins with flexural strengths up to 120 MPa making possible the design of safe and ultra tough functional and high performance plastic materials for engineering and biomedical applications

2020: first supplier offering ultra safe (monomer free) orthodontics and dental resins for 3D printing the whole range of orthodontics and dental devices, including aligners with 4D shape memory with temperature based on Shape Memory Polymers SMPs, flexible night and mouth guards, rigid and tough guards, duplication molds, positioners, bleaching splints, soft-hard contention appliance retainers and indirect bonding trays IBTs for locating accurately orthodontic brackets, impression trays, gingiva masks, implant and appliance models, drill/surgical guides, Try In (including radio opaque versions with all tooth colors: A, B, C), provisional crown and bridges in A, B, C tooth colors, durable rigid and flexible denture bases and durable teeth in A,B, C tooth colors, including gluing adhesives in gingiva color with excellent bonding strength for teeth and the denture bases, biocompatible ultra sfe polishing pastes, ultra matt additives for optimum snaning resolution, etc...

2020: first supplier offering super absorbent 3D resins and additives for printing non-swellable and swellable super absorbent 3D materials for making hard, tough and rigid materials or very soft gels or jellies with super elasticity above 300% and ultra soft with Shore OO: 0-30.

2020: first supplier offering super permeable and porous 3D resins and additives for printing high permeability 3D materials for making hard, tough and rigid materials or very soft gels or jellies with very low barrier properties

2020: first supplier offering commercial functional and biocompatible 3D resins and photo accelerants (photocatalysts) for Volumetric Additive Manufacturing "VAM", which are compatible with the first commercial volumetric printer based on dual wavelength curing technologies: "Xolography" 3D printer XUBE by XOLO. 3Dresyns VAM have these common features and benefits: ultra safe, non irritant, biocompatible, monomer free, for biomedical applications, including dental, otoplastics and implants, bioprinting of scaffold structures that can support cell adhesion and promote cell infiltration for tissue engineering 3D and for printing hydrogel scaffolds, engineering functional materials, isotropic ophthalmic lenses and high glass content resins for making pure clear glass, etc,..

2020: first supplier offering heat soluble / meltable photopolymer 3D resins, which not only burn out like wax but also melt and flow like molten wax, designed for very high detail jewelry and direct casting applications

2021: first and unique supplier offering natural amber and emerald jade jewelry 3D resins with high amber and emerald jade resin content for direct printing of amber and jade Jewelry

2021: first and unique supplier offering antimicrobial additives and a full range of 300 antimicrobial 3D resins based on antimicrobial Copper for SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet 3D printing

2021: first and unique supplier offering multivariable, multiresponse, multifunctional, predictive, and corrective algorithmic systems based on artificial intelligence for designing online billions of materials by adding different levels of functionality online.

2021: first and unique supplier offering super matt black colors with ultra low reflectance from all angles for 3D printing with excellent black hole effect

2021: first and unique supplier offering high relative permittivity resins for designing high permitivitty devices, antennas, sensors, microwave devices, RF cavities, resonators, filter devices, transistors, insulators, capacitors, resistors, etc

2021: first and unique supplier offering a full range of ultra high performance functional engineering 3D resins with similar or even better mechanical properties than the best conventionally made (typically made by injection molding) thermoplastics and thermosets

2022: the whole 3Dresyns product range has been updated and renewed with new improved versions, all compliant with Kosher, Halal and Vegan requirements

2022: upgrade of 3Dresyns website and its multifunctional (multivariable & multiresponse) portfolio with self-corrective algorithms and artificial intelligence

2022: expansion of 3D resins portfolio for printing exotic materials based on nano and microtechnology. Hundreds of nanopowders, nanoparticles, nanofibers, micron / micronized powders, microfibers, etc, are available for custom design of exotic 3Dresyns for direct & indirect additive manufacturing of 2D resin composites filled with exotic materials, or fullly sintered 100% exotic materials

2023: first and unique supplier offering a full range of ESD compliant 3Dresyns and clear ESD additives for ESD materials with "any color"

2023: first and unique supplier offering clear fire and flame resistant additives for printing clear and colored fire and flame resistant materials

2023: first and unique supplier offering a full range of light curing durable and sacrificial biocompatible putties, gels, fillers and sealants

2023: expansion of 3D resins portfolio for two photon polymerization and nano and micro fabrication with biocompatible and bio-based 2PP and NMF resins with some unique monomer free versions for increased biocompatibility

2023: first and unique supplier offering bioresins for SLA printing custom designed biocompatible ultra safe Monomer Free MF durable and resistant implants (read 3D resins for implantable medical devices) based on biocomposites with absorbing occlusal forces similar to natural teeth, metal and corrosion free, ideal for metal free restorations to prevent oxidation, corrosion, and allergies: first SLA 3D printed biomaterial with increased osseointegration and osteoblast proliferation vs titanium and zirconia implants

2023: design and development of custom automated dispensing systems of a finite selection of raw materials as best representatives of condensed matter for automated manufacturing of new designed and spare parts of spacecrafts by developing direct and indirect additive manufacturing systems of countless multifunctional material compositions and properties for 3D printing in the space. Read: 3D printing in the space

• Note: refers to technical and commercial achievements not previously reported publicly in Internet nor in the media

Safety Benefits of 3Dresyns

"3Dresyns are safe* if used as per our instructions for hobby, professional printers and final users.

Most of 3Dresyns products are ultra safe and include 3D resins which do not contain any monomers as supplied. Our resins have been designed to meet the highest safety and biocompatibility standards. These products are non labeled with toxic pictograms because they are ultra safe for handling, end users, and disposal. Their final biocompatibility and certification will depend on their tuning with the right tuning additives, functional additives and colors in your specific printing and production workflow. Most competitor´s 3D resins contain toxic ingredients which can cause health problems, since they can be absorbed by the skin. Some resins also emit toxic fumes which can also cause health issues.

3Dresyns is the first and unique 3D resin supplier developing ultra safe "monomer free" biocompatible 3D resins with non toxic risk pictograms. Discover our biocompatible SLA, DLP & LCD 3D resins for designing ultra safe biomedical applications (class I, II and III), educational, food contact and toys printing. 3Dresyns are made in accordance with EU Directive 2011/65/EU requirement for the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS).

Most of 3Dresyns synthetic and bio-based resins are organo-tin free and have high purity, very low residuals, low odor and are made with bioplastics.

All 3Dresyns resins are bisphenol A (BPA) free. BPA exhibits toxic, endocrine, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect in living organisms. BPA is supposed to elevate risk of obesity, diabetes and heart disease in humans. Despite its toxicity it is still used by most competitors for even biomedical applications.

• Note: some resins can/may cause skin and eye irritation and other hazards (read the MSDS of each material before handling them).

Rheology of 3Dresyns

Our 3Dresyns have been designed to avoid or minimise the use of highly irritant low viscosity monomers to reduce as much as possible any potential safety and health hazards.

From the rheological (viscosity) perspective our SLA, DLP & LCD 3Dresyns have been specially formulated to keep colors in suspersion for long time. They have a broad range of viscosities depending on the required performance and application. Some have been designed with ultra low viscosities such as <20 mPas at 20ºC, close to the viscosity of water with 1 mPas, whilst others have been designed with much higher viscosity around 10.000 mPas at 20ºC for improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

Some of the 3Dresyns resins with improved mechanical performance and biocompatibility, such as 3Dresyns "like" best engineering plastics have been intentionally designed with high viscosity to maximise their mechanical strength and safety. Relatively high viscosity 3D resins can be ordered with relatively lower or higher viscosity:

-HV stands for relatively Higher Viscosity versions for increased mechanical properties and biocompatibility, but higher peeling force (adhesion on the FEP or PDMS).

-HV versions are ideal for printers having heating systems for printing at >25ºC

-LV stands for relatively Lower Viscosity versions for decreased peeling force, but relatively lower mechanical properties and biocompatibility.

-LV versions have lower viscosity than HV versions but are still relatively viscous resins

-LV versions can normally be printed without any heating systems, presuming the room temperature is at least at 20-25ºC.

Heating them before and optionally during printing will reduce their peeling force

Inkjet resins

Inkjet 3Dresyns are supplied with very low viscosities <20 mPas at 70ºC and <15 mPas at 80ºC. Our colored Inkjet 3Dresyns, for both MultiJet and PolyJet printers, exhibit excellent stability without any settling.

Reactive bio diluents

Several 3Dresyn thinners or diluents have been developed to reduce the viscosity* of our 3Dresyns, despite its use it is not needed for printing most of our resins in most printers and printing conditions. These thinners are ideal for printer users used to working with low viscosity unsafe monomer based 3D resins:

Thinner 3Dresyn RHDT Bio is a Rigid biocompatible diluent or thinner which has been developed to increase the "HDT" Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT> 160ºC) and reduce the viscosity of our 3Dresyns. It has very low viscosity (<150 mPas) and can be used with any of our more viscous 3Dresyns to decrease their viscosity and increase their hardness and HDT values.

Thinner 3Dresyn R Bio is a Rigid biocompatible reactive diluent or thinner with a deflection temperature >110ºC. It has an extremely low viscosity (<15 mPas) and very good viscosity reduction.

Thinner 3Dresyn H Bio is a Hard bio based and biocompatible diluent or thinner which has been developed to reduce the viscosity of our 3Dresyns. It has very low viscosity (<150 mPas) and can be used with any of our more viscous

3Dresyns with Shore D < 80 to decrease their viscosity and increase significantly their hardness and curing speed, even with small additions <10%.

Thinner 3Dresyn SFT MF Bio is a Super Fast & Tough biocompatible "monomer free" diluent or thinner which has been developed to increase the cure speed "boost" and reduce the viscosity of our 3Dresyns without sacrificing their toughness, specially with low power printers. Thinner 3Dresyn SFT has very low viscosity (<300 mPas) and shrinkage and can be used with any of our 3Dresyns to increase significantly their curing speed, even with small additions <5-10%.

Thinner 3Dresyn TF Bio is our Tough & Foldable diluent or thinner which has been developed to reduce the viscosity and increase the toughness and foldability of any of our 3Dresyns. it has an extremely low viscosity <20 mPas.

Thinner 3Dresyn E is an Elastic diluent or thinner which has been developed to reduce the viscosity of our 3Dresyns. It has extremely low viscosity (<10 mPas) and it has been designed to reduce the viscosity and increase the elasticity and flexibility of any of our 3Dresyns without sacrificing twisting resistance nor foldability. It exhibit slow medium cure and intrinsic low light bleeding.

• Note. Viscosity units are expressed either in centipoise cps or in milli Pascal second mPas. FYI: 1 cps=1 mPas

FDA and ISO compliance

3Dresyns sells online the broadest range in the market of biocompatible 3D resins compliant with the FDA and ISO Quality requirements for the manufacturing of medical devices, including:

-biocompatible medical devices

-medical models and devices.

-auditory prosthesis

-dental prosthesis

-bones, cutting guides

-other prosthesis

3D market driven analysis: From Rapid Prototyping to Direct or Indirect Additive Manufacturing

3D SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) analysis of Additive Manufacturing of Direct and Indirect 3D printing processes: The 3D challenge: high quality at competitive production costs

3D printing is a fast evolving technology. As you know every day new technologies and production processes are developed with the goal of improving manufacturing processes, materials performance properties and reducing overall production costs.

In this fast evolving World, technologies offering added value and cost effective solutions succeed and gradually replace obsolete non competitive technologies.

The objective of 3Dresyns is to offer sensible and cost effective solutions to unmet market needs and develop 3D materials and functional processes for the development of safer and more ecological productive processes for achieving better overall quality and performance of functional 3D printed materials at the lowest possible costs and human impact on the environment.

“3Dresyns offers a full range of safe & functional materials with multiple properties and colors: from tough and durable to super elastic grades to non durable biodegradable materials to ensure total fulfilment of your design specifications and quality”

Printing 3D plastic materials

Direct and Indirect manufacturing of functional plastic materials can be undertaken by Stereolithography SLA and Inkjet printing, which both exhibit high resolution printing with an accuracy 5-10 times higher than Fused Deposition Modeling FDM printing.

Most of 3Dresyns photopolymer 3D resins are "bioplastics", which allow the direct printing of safe functional materials by Stereolithography and Inkjet printing.

Functional 3Dresyns are similar to the best conventional engineering plastics.They are safe for printers and final users and have high mechanical properties, which are taylored to each specific application requirements, allowing direct manufacturing of technical and functional plastic materials.

On the other hand, 3Dresyns resins can be used in Indirect manufacturing for:

-printing durable molds for production of simple shaped injected parts, as alternative to expensive metal steel or Aluminum molds manufactured by Computer Numerical Control CNC

-printing sacrificial molds for production of complex shaped injected parts intertwined with the mold

-resin Injection and Casting RIC, where our safest 3Dresyns RIC* are injected hot with pressure or casted by gravity in conventional or 3D printed sacrificial or durable molds

Benefits of Resin Injection and Casting

-unique biocompatibility, since do not contain inherently irritant low viscosity monomers which are prone to cause skin irritation and allergic reactions

-superior mechanical properties, which are extremely difficult to achieve with lower viscosity resins based on monomers, which are overall weaker in mechanical properties

-any conventional or traditional thermoplastic or thermoset "injection molding and casting resins" can be injected or casted by gravity in 3D printed sacrificial or durable molds

Other key goals of 3Dresyns is the development of biodegradable and durable biocompatible safe materials, based on biological and renewable sources.

3Dresyns biocompatible resins have non toxic pictograms and are ultra safe for handling and final users. 3Dresyns wide range of monomer free safe materials ensure the safety of the end user since the potential risk of monomer migration and absorption by the body is completely eliminated.

Printing of 3D ceramic and metal materials

3D printing of durable molds, with our Injection Molding 3Dresyns, for the manufacture of ceramics and metals of simple shapes by ceramic and metal injection molding (CIM and MIM) has the advantage of being more cost competitive than metal molds manufactured by CNC.

On the other hand, direct 3D printing of ceramics and metals with stereolithography SLA and jetting printers has presented great technological challenges and limitations in recent years. Adjusting the printing parameters for each ceramic and metal resin slurry is a slow and complex process. Opaque materials limit printing to thin layers of a few microns, such as 10-20 microns in direct 3D SLA printing of stainless steel.

Additionally, the necessary use of a relatively higher percentage of 3D resin binder c.15% by weight required to provide flow and printability at room temperature printing vs the c. 5% used in high injection temperature CIM and MIM processes, slows the debinding and sintering process, making the production process too slow (7 days) vs the faster debinding of traditional CIM and MIM.

Another limitation of directly 3D printed ceramic and metal pieces is that its maximum printed thickness is c.1-2 mm. The limitation is due to microcracking caused by the high % 3D resin used in the ceramic and metal 3D resin slurries printed with stereolithography SLA and jetting printers vs traditional CIM and MIM.

The 3Dresyns team has developed sacrificial 3D resins with the aim of providing solutions to the limitations of direct printing of ceramics and metals by 3D stereolithography and jetting. Our sacrificial 3D resins allow their use as:

-water soluble binders to reduce debinding and sintering time in direct 3D printing of ceramics and metals with SLA and Jetting

-durable molds and sacrificial molds for the subsequent injection of ceramic and metal feedstocks. This indirect process has several technical and productive advantages since the use of traditional ceramic and metal feedstocks show process improvements such as:

-less risk of microcracking

-no thickness limitation

-higher debinding and sintering speed

-100% isotropy

-improved final properties: higher density, lower microporosity of sintered materials

-durable molds are recommended for simple not intertwined shapes between the mold and the produced parts

-non durable molds are recommended for intertwined shapes between the mold and the produced parts

Benefits of Indirect Manufacturing and sacrificial 3Dresyns technologies

Our water and solvent soluble 3D resins allow printing of injection molds on affordable 3D SLA, DLP, LCD and Inkjet printers. This, combined with the use of traditional ceramic and metal feedstocks, by casting (gravity) or with injection molding machines, using water or solvent sacrificial molds printed with our resins, allows the production of complex shape ceramic and metal parts with the following technical and cost benefits, compared to existing more expensive and less productive methods:

-full range of technical ceramics and metals can be cast using traditional CIM and MIM feedstocks

-higher sintering density and isotropy, as well as lower microporosity vs metal Selective Laser Sintering SLS and direct printing of ceramics and metals by SLA and jetting printing

-less productive limitations, much faster debinding and sintering times without the limitation of thickness occurring with direct ceramic and metal SLA and jetting printing

-lower costs since our soluble resins allow the printing of sacrificial or durable molds even with affordable SLA LCD printers with prices ranging from 200 to 2,000 Euros with traditional injection molding machines or by casting (using gravity for filling molds) and with traditional ceramic and metal feedstocks

About bio-based 3Dresyns

3dresyns has the broadest range of safe bio-based and biocompatible 3D resins in the market. The basic components of our bio-based 3Dresyns are safe and “green” since are based on natural biological derivatives "bioplastics", which are functionalized to react with light. Our Bio-based 3Dresyns exhibit similar mechanical properties as their synthetic counterparts.

Monomer Free 3Dresyns

3Dresyns is the only supplier offering ultra safe Monomer Free MF 3D resins as supplied. Our Monomer Free MF 3Dresyns are ultra safe since do not contain any monomers. Monomers due to their low viscosity can be absorbed by the skin and mucous membrane, when they are not fully cured and properly postprocessed, causing skin and mucosa irritation, and other hazards. Some toxic monomers can even cause damage to organs if leach out.

About nano, micro, and macro 3D printing and additive manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing AM and 3D printing are already being used for the nano, micro, and macroscopic scale manufacturing of a broad range of 3D printed multifunctional photopolymer resins with high performing properties and with very high resolution and accuracy, for a diverse range of markets and applications, from sub-micron and nano to macro fabrication, including hobbyist "DIY, prototyping, modelling and product design, jewelry, dental, otoplastics / hearing aids, production of technical ceramics and metals, durable and sacrificial molding, injection molding of technical ceramics and metals with sacrificial molds, functional engineering, bio scaffolds, bioprinting and tissue engineering, hydrogels, anti-static, electrostatic discharge ESD materials, printing plates, thermo responsive and other 4D printing resins, security systems, 3D adhesives, biocompatible biomedical devices like micro drug delivery implant devices, microneedles and microporous membranes, cell-sized micro-robots, electronics for printing conductive rigid and flexible electronic materials such as antennas for IoT applications (HF, UHF), RFID and NFC tags, OLED, OPVs, flexible PCBs, flexible cables, transparent electrodes for touch screens, based on silver nanowires 3D ink systems, miniaturization of micro electronics components like micro antennas, micro RF devices, and other electrical devices, where direct printing on photodiodes and LEDs is undertaken to avoid micro component assembly, pressure, temperature, humidity, and bio sensors in aerospace applications, metamaterials used in mechanical engineering, aerospace, sound insulation, and other innovative areas, such as ophthalmic lenses, micro optics, micro lenses, micro prisms, compound lens systems, metalenses for optical telecommunication, electronic and processing equipment. As well as lab-on-a-chip microfluidics, where microscopic quantities of fluids are circulated through 3D printed micro channels, with lab-on-a-chip 3D technology, and many more custom designed innovative 3D applications. 3D printing has changed and revolutionized the manufacturing of an immense number of nano, micro, and macro scale materials, thanks to the development of high performance photopolymerization 3D printing resins and printing technologies. From the fabrication of very small printed materials in the nano scale with feature sizes from 1 nm (1 nm or nanometre = 0.000000001 metre), to 1 micron (1 micron =0.000001 metre), and up to the macro scale with maximum printing sizes of metres, all with complex geometries and custom designed multifunctional physico-chemical properties. 3Dresyns multifunctional photopolymer 3D resins, containing metals, ceramics, and exotic materials are nowadays being used for manufacturing high quality 3D printed products with the most important 3D printing techniques.

3Dresyns offering to 3D printing and Additive Manufacturing

3Dresyns has developed the most innovative and extensive portfolio of multifunctional photopolymer resins in the market for the most important nano, micro, and macro 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies, including the following printer types and manufacturing equipment:

-SLA, DLP, LCD printers

-inkjet printers

-viscous and Hot Lithography Manufacturing

-nano & micro fabrication by photolithography-nanoimprint lithography

-2PP resins for two photon polymerization of nano & microstructures

-injection and casting of resins for injection molding

-ceramic, metal & polymer powder feedstock slurries for CIM, MIM & PIM in 3D printed molds

-nano & micron products for 2D & 3D printing exotic materials

-light-based bioplotting & bioprinting with different heads curing with UV/Visible light & LED wavelengths from 200-420 nm (and higher), filament heads, reservoir heads, from extruders and bioplotters with photo curing heads at 365, 385, 395, 405 nm, etc.

-volumetric 3D resins and multiwavelength 3D resins for volumetric materializing technologies based on dual wavelength curing systems

About nano, micro & macro fabrication

Nano and micro scale material 3D printing requires expensive two-photon polymerization 2PP printers to print very small feature sizes from several nanometres to microns. 2PP produces printed photopolymers from nano and sub-micron scale to several mm printable sizes, with specific physico-chemical, biological, and optical properties. Some of the drawbacks of 2PP printers are their high price and their slow production rates. The alternative to expensive 2PP printers for nano and micro scale production is by photolithography-nanoimprint lithography

Micro and macro scale 3D printing, from the micron size minimum feature dimensions to printable sizes of metre scale, have become affordable with the recent commercialisation of low cost stereolithography SLA DLP & LCD printers and stereolithography SLA DLP & LCD resins, besides the higher cost of Inkjet printers. Discover our inkjet resins 3Dresyns photopolymer resins are made to order for most of the existing printing and additive manufacturing technologies

Eco vision, 3Dresns comittment

"Thinking about “green technologies”. A bio approach to life…" 3Dresyns comittment is to reduce fossil carbon emissions. The company uses photovoltaic electricity, electric cars and renewable raw materials to replace as much as possible the use of petroleum-based raw materials.

3dresyns believes that bioplastics are the future and that they will contribute significantly to a more sustainable society. 3Dresyns mission is to develop biocompatible and bio-based resins "bioplastics" for the SLA DLP, LCD and inkjet 3D printing market. The goal is to reduce the use of petroleum-based raw materials where technically possible and promote sustainability and eco friendly alternatives. When technically feasible 3Dresyns uses bio-based and biodegradable ingredients based on “green” technologies and natural sources without sacrificing quality and performance. The basic components of the company´s bio-based bioplastic resins are “green” and are based on natural biological derivatives (not derived from animals), which are functionalized to react with light. Most of 3Dresyns synthetic and bio-based resins are organo-tin free and have high purity, very low residuals, low odor and are made with bioplastics.

All 3Dresyns resins are bisphenol A (BPA) free. BPA exhibits toxic, endocrine, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect in living organisms. BPA is supposed to elevate risk of obesity, diabetes and heart disease in humans. Despite its toxicity unfortunately it is still used by most of our competitors even for biomedical applications.

What are bioplastics?

Bioplastics are a large family of different bio materials. They comprise of a whole family of materials with different properties and applications. A plastic material can be defined as a bioplastic if it is either biobased, biodegradable, or features both properties:

-Biobased: The term ‘biobased’ means that the material or product is (partly) derived from biomass (plants). Biomass used for bioplastics stems from e.g. corn, sugarcane, or cellulose.

-Biodegradable: Biodegradation is a chemical process during which microorganisms that are available in the environment convert materials into natural substances such as water, carbon dioxide, and compost. The process of biodegradation depends on the surrounding environmental conditions (e.g. location or temperature), on the material and on the application.

Bio-based is not the same as biodegradable

Biodegradation does not depend on the source of a material but is linked to its chemical composition. In other words, biobased plastics may be non-biodegradable, and fossil based plastics can biodegrade.

Benefits of bioplastics

There are several advantages of bioplastics versus conventional plastics:

-they save fossil resources by using biomass which regenerates and provides the unique potential of carbon neutrality

-additionally, biodegradability is a key property of certain types of bioplastics. It offers additional means of recovery at the end of a product’s life

3Dresyns bioplastic 3D resins are "green" and produce less carbon dioxide than conventional plastics. Their overall environmental impact is much lower than that of conventional plastics, and as petrol costs rises, bioplastics relatively low cost becomes more and more competitive.

Some biodegradable bioplastics can break down in less than than a year, given the right conditions. Others require longer time for biodegradation. Bioplastics are an ideal replacement for conventional plastics whose problems include:

-long decomposition times: thousands of years

-landfill and sea life pollution

-non-renewable resource

-toxic and carcinogenic chemicals are used such as BPA and many other plasticizers.

-large carbon footprint in both production and recycling.

3Dresyns expertise related to UN Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015, UN member states agreed to 17 global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. 3Dresyns is comitted to contribute towards the the17 SDGs goals:

About 3Dresyns Team

3Dresyns, the commercial brand of the company Resyner Technologies S.L., is an innovative online supplier of functional and biocompatible 3D resins for SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet and other 2D & 3D printing technologies for modelling, prototyping and end use production of functional materials for domestic consumers, professional, industrial and biomedical applications.

Resyner Technologies S.L., was registered in 2016 and was launched to the online market in 2017 with the most innovative range of functional and biocompatible photopolymer "3D resins", based on bioplastics, for SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet and other 2D & 3D printing technologies.

3Dresyns relies exclusively on its own resources and results, which are generated through product sales, custom product developments, and consulting services. The company does not receive any funding from public or private sectors to preserve confidentiality and ownership of its intellectual property, control and freedom of its research, and of its industrial and commercial developments and activities. Resyner Technologies S.L. is a self-sustained private capital company, only dependent on its own resources. Discover: All about 3D resins, 3Dresyns, its origins, its services, and its contribution to 3D printing and additive manufacturing

3Dresyns core business: online sale of made to order 3D resins

3Dresyns sells biocompatible and functional 3D resins, additives and auxiliaries for SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet and other 2D & 3D printing technologies, online directly for you!

About the Team

The Team has extensive experience and understanding of material science, polymer chemistry and photochemistry and is experienced in synthesis, analysis, design and production of 100% solids photo polymer bio-based systems from renewable resources.

Key staff members: Dr. J. Segurola, CEO/CTO

Dr. Segurola as sole administrator and owner of the company manages it with total freedom and independence. He leads the company with the support of a highly qualified staff, including several scientists, office, and factory workers. Dr. J. Segurola has 30 years of experience in developing innovative technical projects in a broad range of photochemical and photophysical technologies, including specialty ultraviolet UV offset lithographic inks, water based WB & UV flexo inks, UV & WB OPVs (Overprint varnishes), and other specialty Graphic Arts, Specialty Paper, Nonwovens, and Industrial applications. Dr. Segurola is also an expert in developing biocompatible, functional resins, and other innovative bio-based and synthetic resin technologies for 2D & 3D specialty resin systems.

Ms. N. Baburina, Marketing Manager. Ms. Baburina is an expert in market driven management, B to B and digital marketing. She is managing our marketing department.

Mr. J. Martin, Technical Service Manager. Mr. Martin is a chemist with over 20 years of experience in formulation of 3D resin systems. He is managing our 2D & 3D Technical Service department

Mr. P. Marlasca, Sales Manager. Mr. Marlasca is our Sales manager. He has over 25 years of experience in coordinating and servicing sales accounts in different innovative high-tech polymer system applications.

Mr. J.M. Ibañez, Laboratory Manager. Mr. Ibañez is a chemist with over 35 years of experience in formulation of 2D resin systems. He is managing our 2D & 3D Laboratories.

Mr. M. Cordero, Procurement & Logistics Manager. Mr. M. Cordero has over 30 years of experience in Logistics. He is managing our Procurement & Logistics department.

External advisors:

Mr. S. Weber, Digital advisor. Mr. Weber has over 30 years of experience as digital advisor for different companies. He is our advisor for digital sales and marketing.

Mr. J. Perez, Enginering and chemical advisor. Mr. Perez is a chemical engineer with over 40 years of experience in formulation and production of 2D resin systems. He is technical advisor of our 2D & 3D Laboratories.

The Team is ready and committed to develop new biocompatible and functional materials for the 2D and 3D printing markets.

About the founder of 3Dresyns

Dr. Juan Segurola has more than 30 years of industrial experience and is an internationally recognized industrial scientist with extensive experience as technical and commercial director, and as entrepreneur. He has a unique combination of PhD-level academic credentials, practical scientific publications, and a wealth of experience in market driven management and entrepreneurship. He has written about twenty scientific articles on polymers. Juan Segurola is the sole founder, owner and administrator of the 3D resin company Resyner Technologies S.L. and of its commercial brand “3Dresyns”, based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. For the last thirty years, Dr. Segurola has had several international senior positions in multinational and family-owned companies in research, development, sales, marketing, technical service and applications of solvent based, water based, 100% solids, and light curable photopolymer systems. In his earlier career, he was the technical service and applications manager with BFGoodrich (later called Noveon and nowadays Lubrizol). He received the President´s Award in 2001 for the best Technical Service Manager in Europe, Middle East, and Africa.

Since he launched 3Dresyns in 2017, Dr. Segurola and his team have already provided products and services to more than 230 universities and 2500 companies around the world.

3Dresyns has developed more than 500 high tech environmentally friendly products for 3D printing and rapid additive manufacturing, which are functionalised online to make up to 10 billion final products, to help make 3D printing technology the entrepreneurial compass and growth vehicle for companies around the world.

Segurola and his team have developed the first online offering of multivariable, multiresponse, multifunctional, predictive, and corrective algorithmic systems based on artificial intelligence for designing online billions of materials by adding different levels of custom functionality online. 3Dresyns sales are proportionally distributed among North America, Europe, and Asia, selling products and services already to more than 2500 customers in 50 countries.

About the dream of developing a personal project

After working a quarter of a century for third parties, from research centres to multinational and family companies, Segurola tired of bureaucracy and politics, came to the conclusion of his need to have his own business project without depending on third parties to be able to develop projects of his own interest. He envisioned 3D printing technology and additive manufacturing as the democratic revolution of the digital age, since it makes it possible for anyone to become a "homo faber" or a "man / woman who makes or manufactures", since 3D printing allows the printing and custom manufacture of materials with a low investment, hence the term, democratic revolution since it enables anyone, even without economic resources, to become manufacturer of products.

Entrepreneurship

After a quarter of a century of international academic and business experience in the science, technology and industry of photopolymer and solvent and water based resin systems, in 2017 he decided to launch his own company as sole proprietor, Resyner Technologies S.L., and 3Dresyns, his disruptive online sales platform of 3D resins for additive manufacturing and 3D printing.

Creation of disruptive technologies and products

Through 3Desyns, Segurola and his team have developed new chemistries and commercialized the most disruptive, diverse and exhaustive range of eco-sustainable and functional 3D resins on the market, for a wide range of 3D printing technologies and applications, overcoming the existing limitations of the excessive fragility and toxicity of the "state of the art", enabling the transition to the digital revolution of additive manufacturing and 3D printing in a myriad of applications that are already being used for the nano, micro, and macroscopic scale manufacturing of a broad range of 3D printed multifunctional photopolymer resins with high performing properties and with very high resolution and accuracy, for a diverse range of markets and applications, from sub-micron and nano to macro fabrication, including hobbyist "DIY, prototyping, modelling and product design, jewelry, dental, otoplastics / hearing aids, production of technical ceramics and metals, durable and sacrificial molding, injection molding of technical ceramics and metals with sacrificial molds, functional engineering, bio scaffolds, bioprinting and tissue engineering, hydrogels, anti-static, electrostatic discharge ESD materials, printing plates, thermo responsive and other 4D printing resins, security systems, 3D adhesives, biocompatible biomedical devices like micro drug delivery implant devices, microneedles and microporous membranes, cell-sized micro-robots, electronics for printing conductive rigid and flexible electronic materials such as antennas for IoT applications (HF, UHF), RFID and NFC tags, OLED, OPVs, flexible PCBs, flexible cables, transparent electrodes for touch screens, based on silver nanowires 3D ink systems, miniaturization of micro electronics components like micro antennas, micro RF devices, and other electrical devices, where direct printing on photodiodes and LEDs is undertaken to avoid micro component assembly, pressure, temperature, humidity, and bio sensors in aerospace applications, metamaterials used in mechanical engineering, aerospace, sound insulation, and other innovative areas, such as ophthalmic lenses, micro optics, micro lenses, micro prisms, compound lens systems, metalenses for optical telecommunication, electronic and processing equipment. As well as lab-on-a-chip microfluidics, where microscopic quantities of fluids are circulated through 3D printed micro channels, with lab-on-a-chip 3D technology, and many more custom designed innovative 3D applications.

About 3Dresyns disruptive technologies and artificial intelligence

Since its launch in 2017, 3Dresyns has optimized and expanded its extensive portfolio with new disruptive resins, developing new eco-sustainable and biodegradable photochemical technologies with outstanding physicochemical and mechanical properties that compete with the best plastics, such as polycarbonate, PEEK, nylon, or polyurethane, produced by conventional technologies of synthetic petrochemical origin and very slow biodegradability.

3Dresyns sells online around 500 resins, which can be custom designed or multifunctionalized online with over several thousand colours, and up to 4 functional additives, among around 50 functional additive choices, which can be added online for custom design of up to 10 billion ready to use/print 3D resins.

3Dresyns multifunctional offering is based on multivariate / multivariable, multiresponse, predictive, interpolative / extrapolative, and corrective artificial Intelligence AI algorithmic systems, which are ideal for designing online proof of concept and functional products.

About 3D printing

3D printing has started to changed and revolutionized the manufacturing of an immense number of nano, micro, and macro scale materials, thanks to the development of high performance photopolymerization 3D printing resins and printing technologies. From the fabrication of very small printed materials in the nano scale with feature sizes from 1 nm (1 nm or nanometre = 0.000000001 metre), to 1 micron (1 micron =0.000001 metre), and up to the macro scale with maximum printing sizes of metres, all with complex geometries and custom designed multifunctional physico-chemical properties.

3Dresyns multifunctional photopolymer 3D resins, containing metals, ceramics, and exotic materials are nowadays being used for manufacturing high quality 3D printed products with the most important 3D printing techniques.

About the Company

3Dresyns, the trademark of the company Resyner Technologies SL, is an innovative online supplier of functional and biocompatible 3D resins for SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet, and other 2D and 3D printing technologies for modeling, prototyping, and end-use production of functional materials for domestic consumers, professional, industrial and biomedical applications.

Resyner Technologies SL, was registered in 2016 and launched online in 2017 with the most innovative range of functional and biocompatible photopolymer "3D resins", based on bioplastics, for SLA, DLP, LCD, Inkjet, and other 2D and 3D printing technologies.

From academic ivory tower to industrial materialization and promotion

The 3Dresyns team led by Segurola is pioneering the use of thousands of academic ivory tower exotic materials for the design of innovative high-functionality exotic 2D & 3D resins, as well as the online marketing of billions of multifunctional products designed and tailor-made for the most diverse specifications.

3Dresyns applies the latest academic scientific advances in functional, eco-sustainable, and exotic materials in the development of high-performance exotic 2D and 3D resins.

3Dresyns offering for 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

Besides developing, selling online and branding innovative 3D resins, 3Dresyns also provides consulting services for:

- printing consulting services for helping you to choose the right 3D Printing System for your specific needs and goals, which include recommendations of all the required instrumentation, tools, materials, instructions and training for professional 3D printing.

- 3D resin customisation services for custom design of 3D resins for 3D printing and Additive Manufacturing

-synthesis & formulation consulting services for solvent based, water based and UV resins, inks and coatings, including synthesis & formulation consulting on green resin technologies for solvent based, water based and UV inks & coatings

The 3Dresyns team has developed the most innovative and extensive portfolio of multifunctional photopolymer resins in the market for the most important nano, micro, and macro 3D printing, and additive manufacturing technologies, including the following printer types and manufacturing equipment:

-SLA, DLP, LCD printers

-inkjet printers

-viscous and Hot Lithography Manufacturing

-nano & micro fabrication by photolithography-nanoimprint lithography

-2PP resins for two photon polymerization of nano & microstructures

-injection and casting of resins for injection molding

-ceramic, metal & polymer powder feedstock slurries for CIM, MIM & PIM in 3D printed molds

-nano & micron products for 2D & 3D printing exotic materials

-light-based bioplotting & bioprinting with different heads curing with UV/Visible light & LED wavelengths from 200-420 nm (and higher), filament heads, reservoir heads, from extruders and bioplotters with photo curing heads at 365, 385, 395, 405 nm, etc.

-volumetric 3D resins and multiwavelength 3D resins for volumetric materializing technologies based on dual wavelength curing systems

Leading disruptive changes for cost effective eco manufacturing

3D printing is a rapidly evolving technology in which new and existing technologies and production processes are continuously developed and improved to manufacture better and safer materials with the lowest possible production costs.

"3D printing makes possible the direct and indirect additive manufacturing of a myriad of high-performance and biocompatible materials with unlimited physical, chemical and mechanical properties, with precise and detailed dimensions, and with minimal investment. It is the revolution of the XXI century, as it empowers and turns people and companies into manufacturers of multifunctional 3D printed materials"

About the objectives of 3Dresyns and its founder

The goal of 3Dresyns is to offer sensible and cost-effective solutions to unmet market needs and to develop 3D functional materials and processes for the development of better, safer, and greener materials and production processes at the lowest possible cost and human impact on the environment. 3Dresyns offers the most extensive range of 3D resins on the world market, characterized by their high multifunctionality and safety for humans and the environment.

The accomplishment of the objectives has materialized in the development and commercialization of the most extensive range in the market of ultra-safe biocompatible functional resins for biomedical applications, both for handling and for end users. The wide range of monomer-free as supplied 3D resins ensures end-user safety by eliminating the potential risk of migration and absorption of monomers in the human body, such as through the mucosa and skin of the mouth in dental applications.

"3Dresyns offers a complete range of safe and functional materials with multiple properties, functionalities and colors: from durable and elastic materials to sacrificial materials for direct and indirect manufacturing"

Another key objective of 3Dresyns is the development of safe biodegradable and durable biocompatible materials, based on biological and renewable sources.

Safety Benefits of 3Dresyns products

Most of 3Dresyns products are ultra safe and include 3D resins which do not contain any monomers as supplied. They have been designed to meet the highest safety and biocompatibility standards. These products are non labeled with toxic pictograms because they are ultra safe for handling, end users, and disposal. Their final biocompatibility and certification will depend on their tuning with the right tuning additives, functional additives and colors in your specific printing and production workflow. Most competitor´s 3D resins contain toxic ingredients which can cause health problems, since they can be absorbed by the skin. Some resins also emit toxic fumes which can also cause health issues.

Potential health problems of monomer based 3D resins

3Dresyns is globally the first and only 3D resin supplier selling "monomer free" biocompatible 3D resins, colors and additives with Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) with non toxic raw materials and without any toxicity risk hazard pictograms. Monomer free 3D resins do not contain any monomers as supplied. They have been designed to reduce the risk of monomer extraction. 3Dresyns portfolio includes monomer based biocompatible 3D resins for biomedical, orthodontic and dental applications which use safe bio based and synthetic monomers for maximum safety.

3Dresyns collaborations, customers, and end users

3Dresyns supplies products and services to a wide range of markets and to more than 2500 customers in more than 50 countries since its launch in 2017, from amateur home users to more than 230 of the world's top universities and research institutes. 3Dresyns is also working on specific 3D projects with few companies, organizations, institutions and universities, whose objectives and contents cannot be disclosed to protect our customer base and fully comply with confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements (NDAs).

3Dresyns also supplies, directly and indirectly through our customers, 2D and 3D resins and services to different companies, institutions and universities. The list of contributors, customers and publishable end users includes the world-renowned NASA, Los Alamos, MIT, Harvard University, ESRF, DESY, etc.

There are more than two hundred examples of customers: companies, universities and institutions to which 3Dresyns supplies its products and services, directly or indirectly through intermediary customers, since 2017, when 3Dresyns started its dynamic business activity that yielded more than 50 world-renowned innovations and achievements.

As a result of the extensive collaboration between 3Dresyns and the market, hundreds of publications have seen the light associated with the technologies, products and services offered by 3Dresyns to the market.

Personal history of Juan Segurola

Juan Segurola is the sole founder, owner, and administrator of the 3D resins company Resyner Technologies S.L., and of its commercial brand “3Dresyns”, based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Juan Segurola has 30 years of industrial experience and is an internationally recognized industrial scientist with extensive experience as a sales, technical, and commercial director and as an entrepreneur. He has a unique combination of PhD-level academic credentials, practical "hands-on" and "minds-on" scientific publications, and a wealth of experience in entrepreneurship, sales and market driven management. He has written around twenty scientific articles on polymers.

Before creating 3Dresyns, Segurola had several international senior management positions in multinational and family-owned companies in research, development, sales, marketing, technical service and applications of a broad range of printing inks and coatings applications and systems, including solvent based, water based, 100% solids, and light curable polymer systems.

Academic and professional career

Juan Segurola studied Chemistry (1989-1994, 5-year degree), specializing in polymers, at the Faculty of Chemistry of San Sebastian at the University of the Basque Country (Spain). During his academic education, he combined his studies by working as an intern at Krafft (now the Illinois Tool Works ITW company) and at companies such as UPS, to pay for his studies. He completed the fifth year of the degree with an Erasmus scholarship at Manchester Metropolitan University MMU (UK), where he completed the academic year and carried out a final project in synthesis of photoinitiators with Professor Norman Allen. After graduating in 1994, he worked in the Basque Country at the research centre CIDEMCO (today Tecnalia), where he coordinated two European Craft projects between the University and several European companies for the development of water-based and silicone-based photo curable resin systems. During the coordination and development of the two European Craft projects he noted the shortcomings and limitations associated with obtaining beneficial results for society from the use of European funds, in dispersed and too bureaucratized work teams.

Disillusioned with the misuse and low profitability for society of European funds, he resigned from his responsibility in 1996 as coordinator and went to work to England at Swale Process, a manufacturer of printing inks and ultraviolet varnishes (acquired by Sun Chemical, the largest ink manufacturer in the world), to reformulate all its ultraviolet and water based printing inks and overprint varnishes OPV´s. Within a week of starting work at Swale Process, he proposed to the company to start a collaboration with Professor Norman Allen of Manchester Metropolitan University to access the resources and analytical instrumentation of the university. The result of the proposal materialized with the financing by the company of Juan Segurola's doctorate at the university (years 1996-1999), maintaining his job as a researcher in the company. During the next two years, Juan investigated different photochemical systems, including new cationic, anionic, and radical photopolymerisation systems, and analysed a wide range of raw materials on the market and selected the ones with the highest added value to reformulate the whole range of printing inks and OPV´s of the company. As a result, the cost of all the company's formulations and the production time were reduced by an average of 15%. As result of the collaboration with Swale Process and Manchester Metropolitan University, Segurola wrote 9 non classified publications of non-trade secret research. Key discoveries and findings, including key raw materials and formulations, were classified in the company as trade secret (not published in the publications nor in the PhD thesis). Segurola finished his PhD in a record time, submitting his dissertation manuscript just after 2 years and 4 months since starting it. Afterwards, Segurola accepted in 1998 the position of technical services and applications manager for Europe, the Middle East and Africa EMEA for the graphic arts, specialty papers, and nonwovens departments of the multinational company BFGoodrich (later on Noveon, and nowadays Lubrizol) located in Barcelona (Spain), where he led the technical service, aplications, and marketing in EMEA for water-based (emulsion and dispersion polymerisation systems), solvent based, and 100% solids polymer synthesis technologies. In 1999, nearly one year after working at BFGoodrich and submitting his PhD thesis Segurola travelled back to UK just to defend and receive his PhD (dissertation defense or oral examination). Immediately after receiving the doctor degree Segurola continued his work at BFGoodrich and his intense professional activity, which was accompanied witt many travels around the world, visiting a myriad of clients and markets, spending multiple stays at the company's headquarters at Akron (Ohio, USA)), where he was trained in synthesis of emulsion polymers, and in graphic arts, specialty papers, ad nonwovens applications. He also travelled around and visited few american cities and trekked in the US national parks. During his stays in the United States, Segurola was trained in market driven management directly by Dr. Hlavacek (The Corporate Development Institute, Inc.), an internationally recognized executive educator and industrial strategy consultant. Afterwards, due to his excellent performance, Segurola received the President´s Award in 2001 for the best technical service manager in Europe, Middle East, and Africa.

Family time

In 2004, the company Kromachem, a manufacturer and distributor of raw materials for inks and coatings, proposed to Segurola the position of sales and technical service manager in Spain, a more local position that he accepted and developed until 2017 since he wanted to be close to his famly and kids. During this time, Segurola contacted customers and suppliers around the world and carried on supplying consulting services for solvent and water based polymers and 3D printing, without incurring competition with Kromachem.

Consulting

Since 1999 up to date Segurola has provided polymer consultation services to 2D & 3D companies around the world (without entering in competition with his employers) becoming in ealrly times an active independent consultant in eco friendly and high performance polymers and resin systems for photo curable, water based, solvent based, and 100% solids printing inks and coatings, and for an immense range of 2D and 3D resin system applications. Later on, from 2002 to 2004, Segurola was appointed secretary of Expert Solutions International Ltd, a british consulting company for UV printing inks and coatings. Since 2005, Segurola decided first to offer consulting services on his own and later through his own company Resyner Technologies S.L and its 3Dresyns commercial brand. In the last years, Segurola and Resyner Technologies S.L. have provided consulting services and created a network around the world of collaborators, suppliers and customers, which has facilitated the research, development and promotion of new eco friendly 2D & 3D resin technologies.

Nowadays, high level consulting services are supplied by 3Dresyns for the most comprehensive range of 2D & 3D printing and coating appplications in the world, including

-printing consulting services for helping customers to choose the right 3D printing system for their specific needs and goals, which include recommendations of all the required instrumentation, tools, materials, instructions and training for professional 3D printing

-3D resin customisation services for custom design of 3D resins for 3D printing and Additive Manufacturing

-synthesis & formulation consulting services for solvent based, water based and UV resins, inks and coatings, including synthesis & formulation consulting on green resin technologies for solvent based, water based and UV inks & coatings

ABOUT RESYNER TECHNOLOGIES CONSULTING SERVICES

PRINTING CONSULTING

-Full 3D Printing System

-2D & 3D RESIN CUSTOMISATION SERVICES

-SLA, DLP, LCD, INKJET & OTHERS

-two photon polymerization TPP

-nano & micro fabrication

-viscous & Hot Lithography

-volumetric Additive Manufacturing VAM

-multiwavelength additive manufacturing

-variable composition systems

SPECIALTIES

-Dental

-Biocompatible

-Sacrificial

-Molding

-Silicone

-Biodegradable

-Otoplastics

-Ceramics & metals

-Composites

-Printing plates

INNOVATIONS

-Exotic materials: nano and microtechnology

-Bioprinting 3Dresyns for scaffolds and tissue engineering

-3D resins for implantable medical devices

-3D printing in the space

-Microfluidics

-Metamaterials

-4D reversible

-Security systems

ELECTRONICS

-Conductive

-Piezoelectric & ferroelectric

-Bio sensors

2D synthesis & formulation consulting services

2D FORMULATION

-UV Overprint Varnish (OPV) consulting

-UV Flexo Ink consulting

-UV Litho Ink consulting

-UV Screen Ink & OPV´s consulting

-UV Inkjet Ink consulting

-UV Water based coating consulting

-Water based Coldseal consulting

-Water based OPV consulting

-Security ink consulting

-UV electronic consulting

-UV & EB vacuum metallisation consulting

-UV wood coating consulting

-UV plastic coating consulting

-UV metal coating consulting

-UV laminating adhesive consulting

-UV & EB pressure sensitive adhesive consulting

-Other UV / EB / WB / SB Specialty consulting

2D SYNTHESIS

-Acrylic emulsions, colloidal dispersions, and resin solutions for graphic arts

-Water based emulsion polymerization / synthesis consulting for specialty paints & coatings

-Resins for specialty papers & nonwovens

-Synthesis of specialty solvent based resins

Keys to the success of 3Dresyns

"The key to the success of 3Dresyns is that I have been able to combine being the inventor, the director, and the owner of the company. If I had been the inventor but not the director, or the director but not the owner, or the owner but not the inventor, nor the director, I would not have been able to create, nor produce, nor trade globally the unique and extensive 3Dresyns portfolio of products and technologies, since the chance of success is limited when success depends on different people. The learning lesson is “the smaller the team the better the performance”: “too many cooks spoil the broth”, by Dr. Juan Segurola, founder, CTO & CEO of Resyner Technologies "3Dresyns".

The history of 3Dresyns is an example of how with a small focused and motivated team it is possible to develop avant-garde innovative projects. Juan Segurola, through Resyner Technologies SL and its trademark 3Dresyns, has placed its private scientific research and development company among the world's elite.

The 3Dresyns team is committed to develop an environmentally friendly and suistanable science and to the commercialization of innovative products and technologies with a long-term eco vision.

The social dimension of Resyner Technologies SL and 3Dresyns is based on the development of functional and eco-sustainable technologies at the service of mankind, providing tangible benefits for society and the environment. The transformation of science, technology and production is necessary for the short, medium and long-term sustainability of the planet.

3Dresyns commitment is ambitious and with a long-term vision, since the company's disruptive bio-based, biodegradable and functional 3D resin products and developments are at the frontier of state of the art of human knowledge.

The innovations and achievements developed by Resyner Technologies S.L. and traded by 3Dresyns combine ambition and dedication, without any politics nor unhealthy competition, keys that have allowed 3Dresyns to become the most innovative company in the development of safe and multifunctional photopolymer "3D resins" for high performance 3D printing and additive manufacturing.

The result of 30 years of the founder´s industrial research has been completed with Resyner Technologies "3Dresyns", being considered the most disruptive 3D resin company, capable of developing and marketing high quality biocompatible and multifunctional 3D resins for 3D printing and additive manufacturing.

Since its launch in 2017, 3Dresyns is continuously expanding its 3D resin portfolio and technologies, growing from start up to scale up driven by a healthy, creative and innovative ambition, for the benefit of its customers and society.

Non-profit interests

Juan Segurola´s non-profit projects and interests, such as the funding of ambulatory medical projects and analysis of water quality in Mali (Africa), development of eco-sustainable bio-construction projects built with natural and recycled materials, such as the use of traditional lime mortars for construction and of metal containers, the use of solar panels, the design and make eco-sustainable gardens with native flora to minimize dependence on irrigation, the selection and design of functional cost effective fog nets for fog collection, etc.

During the COVID-19 pandemic Juan Segurola through its company 3Dresyns committed to supply biocompatible 3D resins for free and at low cost to produce respirator parts and other needed parts for hospitals use, as well as antiseptic cleaners and cleansing additives which were available online for its distribution Worldwide. Read 3Dresyns contribution to COVID-19 Emergency.

Our goal was to support society worldwide in this difficult pandemic situation to those lacking economical resources due to confinement by donating and selling at low cost 3D resins for emergency printing of respirator parts, turbines, masks, swabs, etc. A selection of products were designed for Emergency Printing "EP" of respirator use parts, masks, etc, which are still available with high discounts for non profit applicants.

In 2012 Segurola began a collaboration with the NGO CC and carried out a project of ambulatory medical assistance and analysis of water quality in one of the poorest countries in the world, Mali, a country in sub-Saharan Africa, where he decided up to date to finance ambulatory medical projects, given the low outpatient coverage of the country.

In addition, Segurola has also developed several eco-sustainable bio-construction projects built with natural and recycled materials, such as the use of traditional lime mortars for construction and of metal containers, solar panels, the development of eco-sustainable gardens with native flora to minimize dependence on irrigation.

Segurola is concerned about the United Nations 6 goal; availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, since it is one of the main problems facing mankind. He has identified fog collection through the design of functional cost effective fog nets, since special attention needs to be paid to the used material and the design of the net since water collection capacity depends on few variables, such as the thermal conductivity of the material, its morphology, such as its porous size and shape, the fog net thickness, etc. As a non-profit project, he is interested in the design of affordable biodegradable materials suitable for making cost effective fog nets.

He is interested in research of biodegradable and bio-based plastics "bioplastics", as well as in thermally conductive metal mesh, all with varying controlled pore sizes and shapes as candidates for more efficient affordable materials for fog nets even in dry regions of the world.

Some of the mesh yield increased durability (for the stainless steel ones), biodegradability (for the bio-based ones), and water condensation capacity than the commonly used non biodegradable Raschel mesh which has too big pore sizes (low condensation yield or harvesting) and are made of petrochemical based materials, such as polyethylene and polypropylene.

Segurola has started to evaluate and develop new types of 3D mesh to eliminate clogging, improve drainage and overall increase efficiency of fog water collection, since mesh efficiency is dependent on several variables, such as wind-speed, moisture content in the air, 3D pattern design (parallel vertical vs horizontal single and multi-layer structures, biomimetic designs, etc), surface thermal conductivity, surface area, surface tension, surface hydrophillicity-hydrophobicity, water droplet size, etc.

3D printing leading the democratic digital manufacturing revolution

The opportunities that digital technologies such as 3D printing and additive manufacturing present for democracy and for the benefit of mankind are immense. For years Segurola felt captivated by the potential of 3D printing and additive manufacturing for leading the democratic digital manufacturing revolution, empowering citizens and companies to produce their own goods with a minimum investment.

Segurola envisioned that 3D printing and additive manufacturing might contribute significantly to the sustainable development goals of no poverty, zero hunger, good health & wellbeing, quality education, gender equality and women’s empowerment, clean water & sanitation, affordable & clean energy, decent work & economic growth, industry, innovation & infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities, responsible consumption & production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice & strong Institutions.

Segurola also evidenced that there were several limitations of the existing photopolymer resins used in 2D & 3D printing in the market, such as:

-low safety for printer users, for end customers, and for the environment, and

-low functionality, such as low physical-mechanical properties, reflected in an excess of fragility (eggshell-like materials)

These limitations reduce the use of photopolymer 3D resins to 3D printing of models and prototypes, and restrict their use in environmentally friendly functional applications with high safety and technical performance requirements, such as high mechanical strength "toughness", durability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc.

Segurola motivated for pioneering and contributing to the digital manufacturing transformation decided to invest in his own "3D resin" project and setup a lab facility where for several years, with the support of a focused technical team researched and developed new photopolymer chemistries with improved functionality and eco-sustainability for a broad range of 2D & 3D printing technologies.

In 2016, the company Resyner Technologies S.L. was created to design and produce functional and safe 2D & 3D resins. Its online brand 3Dresyns and its website (www.3dresyns.com) was launched in 2017 already with an immense offering of new 3D resins, technologies, and services. Nowadays, 3Dresyns is renown for being the most innovative and creative 3D resin company and for having the most comprehensive and diverse portfolio of 3D resins in the world.

Since the launching of 3Dresyns in 2017, Segurola and his team have already provided products and services to more than 230 universities and 2500 companies around the world. Discover 3dresyns Collaborations, our customers and final users.

3Dresyns has developed around 500 high tech products and over 100 collections for 3D printing and rapid additive manufacturing, which are functionalized by customers online to make up to 10 billion final products, to help make 3D printing technology the entrepreneurial compass and growth vehicle for companies around the world.

Segurola and his team have developed the first online offering of multifunctional 3D resins based on multivariate / multivariable, multiresponse, predictive, interpolative / extrapolative, and corrective artificial Intelligence AI algorithmic systems, which are ideal for designing online proof of concept and functional products.

3Dresyns also stands out from its competitors by having the most extensive portfolio of durable and biodegradable multifunctional 3D printing resins in the global market, as well as for its 3Dresynspedia, the most comprehensive source of non restricted 3D printing technical documents fitted with a meta search tool where any chosen keywords, contained in any text source in 3Dresyns website, including products and technical documents, can be found.

About Juan Segurola

Name: Juan Surname: Segurola Date of birth: 7/5/1971 Nationality: Spanish Contact Information: info@3Dresyns.com

About Juan Segurola Cordero

Juan Segurola was born in San Sebastian, in the Basque Country, Spain. He received a BS degree in Chemistry from the University of the Basque Country (Spain), and a PhD in Photochemistry of Polymers from Manchester Metropolitan University MMU (UK). He has two children and resides with his wife in Barcelona.

Scientific career fields: Materials science, polymer chemistry and photochemistry, synthesis, analysis, design, production of synthetic and bio-based resin systems in water, solvent, and 100% solids photopolymer systems for 2D and 3D printing and additive manufacturing.

Institutions: University of the Basque Country (Spain), Manchester Metropolitan University MMU (UK).

Doctoral director: Profesor Norman Allen (Manchester Metropolitan University MMU).

About Juan Segurola´s academics

Juan Segurola Cordero, also known as Juan Segurola (San Sebastián, May 7, 1971) is an entrepreneur and photopolymer scientist, PhD in Polymer Photochemistry from Manchester Metropolitan University MMU and graduated in Chemistry, specialized in Polymer Science, in the Basque Country University (UPV / EHU). As an entrepreneur, he stands out for being the founder and sole owner of Resyner Technologies S.L., and its online platform 3Dresyns for the sale of photopolymer 3D resins.

Early life and education

Juan Segurola is the son of the teachers Ricardo Segurola and María Jesús Cordero. He grew up with a sister in San Sebastian and graduated in Chemistry in 1994. In 1994 he completed his final year bachelor's project in synthesis of two novel photoinitiator derivatives of anthraquinone and benzophenone" with Professor Norman Allen at Manchester Metropolitan University, where later in 1999 obtained his Ph.D. with a thesis: "Photochemical characteristics and design of synergistic combinations of photoinitiators for UV curable inks and coatings" in a collaborative research program between the company Swale Process (now Sun Chemical, the largest printing inks manufacturer in the world) and Professor Norman Allen at Manchester Metropolitan University MMU.

Professional experience of Juan Segurola

2017-up to date: Founder and owner of Resyner Technologies S.L.and its commercial brand “3Dresyns”

3Dresyns innovations & achievements: "3Dresyns is continuously developing disruptive innovations and transforming the additive manufacturing industry". For more info read: features and benefits of 3Dresyns products and services

2004-2017 Technical Sales Manager at Kromachem Spain

Technical sales manager for the Coatings and Inks Industry. Product range: waxes, micronised polymers, texturing agents, additives, resins, pigment pastes, defoamers, levelling agents, etc

1999-up to date: Consultant for 2D and 3D resin technologies.

Polymer consultation services to 2D & 3D companies around the world (without entering in competition with its employers) in eco friendly and high performance polymers and resin systems for photo curable, water based, solvent based, and 100% solids coatings, inks, and 3D resin systems

From 1999 to 2022 and from 2004 to 2017 as independent consultant

From 2002 to 2004 as secretary of Expert Solutions International Ltd, a consulting company for UV printing inks and coatings

From 2017 up to date as owner of 3Dresyns (Resyner Technologies S.L.)

1998-2004 European Technical Service & Applications (TS&A) Manager for Graphic Arts, Specialty Papers, and Nonwovens at BFGoodrich (later on Noveon, and nowadays Lubrizol) located in Barcelona (European mother plant). Area responsibility EMEA: Europe, Middle East & Africa. Objectives: His main objectives and responsibilities were the following:

Lead the technical service and applications in Europe, Middle East & Africa

-Provide technical expertise and trainings to the sales network, distributors, and customers

-Design, research & develop new products for Graphic Arts, Specialty Papers, and Nonwovens, including:

-Solvent and water based Inks & Over Print Varnishes OPV´s for food packaging, corrugated, folding cartons, film printing, metallization, etc.

-Water Based WB paper coatings, paper saturation, beater addition, Non Wovens, etc

-Coordinate and collaborate actively with the Marketing Plan Design to dentify new potential markets and business opportunities for sb & wb systems for the Graphic Arts, Specialty Papers, and Nonwovens Industries.

-Design, write and organise technical and marketing information such as brochures, catalogues, technical data sheets, scientific and marketing publications, etc.

-Develop starting point formulations and side by side comparative evaluations for the Graphic Arts, Specialty Papers, and NonWovens Industries

1996-1998 Research & Development Scientist at the Printing Ink Company Swale Process, acquired by Sun Chemical

Reformulation of UV flexographic inks, UV Offset lithographic inks, and UV OPV´s

-Industrial results: Improvement of the manufacturing process by designing eutectic liquid blends of photoinitiators and wetting agents of enhanced reactivity and bulk stability through factorial design. The new process

-substituted the old process in which solid photoinitiators and wetting agents had to be dissolved in resins for around 2-3 hours during the manufacturing, speeding up production time around a 15% of all UV paste and liquid inks and decreasinng the raw material cost around 15%

-Supervisor of two Erasmus Projects, in collaboration with Professor Norman Allen from Manchester Metropolitan University based on research in UV radiation curing systems.

1995-1996 Research Scientist and Coordinator in the Research centre CIDEMCO (today Tecnalia)

Coordinator and Researcher of the following Craft Eu-Ram Projects of the European Commission:

URCURE: Design of water based UV coatings for wood coatings: Synthesis and analytical characterisation of UV curable water based coatings

SERU: Design of UV sealants based on silicone chemistry

1992-1993 Scholarship in the company Krafft (now the Illinois Tool Works ITW company), in collaboration with the Basque Country University:

ISO 9000 project. Research project in “Synthesis and analysis of polysiloxanes”.

Academic records of Juan Segurola

1996-1999 Doctor Degree “PhD.” in “Photochemical characteristics and design of synergistic photoinitiator combinations for UV curable inks and coatings” in a collaboration research programme between Swale Process (Sun chemical) and Professor Norman Allen at Manchester Metropolitan University MMU (UK)

1994-1995 ISO 9000 Quality Assurance Management Course, from the Industrial Engineering school of Navarra, Guipuzcoa and Vizcaya (Spain)

1989-1994 Bachelor degree in Polymer Chemistry (five year Chemistry Degree), specialised in Polymer Science (2 years speciality) in the Faculty of Chemistry of the Basque Country University (Spain)

1993-1994 Erasmus scholarship grant from the EC at Manchester Metropolitan University MMU:

Final year Bachelor academic course

Final year Honours Project with Professor Norman Allen in “Synthesis of two new anthraquinone and benzophenone photoinitiator derivatives”

Publications of Juan Segurola

As a result of his PhD and industrial career Segurola has written around 20 non classified polymer publications related most of them to photochemistry of polymers, which have been published in several scientific and industrial Journals.

Since the launching of his own company Resyner Technologies S.L. and registration of its brand 3Dresyns in most developed countries (3Dresyns trademark), new disruptive 3D resin chemistries have been developed with improved safety and functionality versus conventional tecnologies investigated in the past during his early academic and profesisonal career.

Publications of the key discoveries, innovations, technologies, and secrets have not deliberately published to protect 3Dresyns trade secrets and proprietary information (3Dresyns restricted publications) developed before, during, and after the creation of 3Dresyns.

Since 3Dresyns launching in 2017 hundreds of publications about 3Dresyns products and its technologies have already been published by 3Dresyns customers, collaborators, and the media in few scientific journals, market studies, etc. The publications value and evaluate the properties of 3Dresyns products and its contribution and commitment to develop safe and environmentally friendly added value functional materials to the 3D printing industry. Some of 3Dresyns innovative products and technologies have been published in some world-renowned journals, as well as in the international journal "nature", recognized for publishing the best peer-reviewed research in all fields of science and technology.

As example, in this article published in "nature" water-soluble 3D sacrificial resins developed by 3Dresyns (the only supplier of solvent and water soluble sacrificial 3D resin technologies), were used to print 3D printed sacrificial materials: Patient-specific cerebral arteries molded as a flexible ghost model using 3D printed water-soluble resin.

3Dresyns research, innovations, and trade secrets, as a private for profit company, are classified to protect its inventions. The Company has no interest in publishing, nor in patenting its innovations and secrets to protect its trade secrets. Read: 3Dresyns restricted publications and About patenting inventions.

List of Juan Segurola´s non classified / restricted publications

Juan Segurola has written around 20 articles related to polymer science and photopolymer systems, which have been published in several scientific and industrial Journals. During his PhD and industrial research at Swale Process Segurola wrote nine non classified /restricted articles in several scientific journals. The key innovations and findings of his research were not published to protect the trade secrets and proprietary technologies of his employer Swale Process.

-“Photochemistry and photoinduced chemical crosslinking activity of acrylated prepolymers by several commercial type I far UV photoinitiators”. Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., Roberts, I., Polymer Degradation and Stability 65 (1999) 153-160

-“Photoyellowing and discolouration of UV cured acrylated clear coatings systems: influence of PI type”. Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, McMahon, A., Wilson, S., Polymer Degradation and Stability 64 (1999) 39-48

-“Photochemistry and photoinduced chemical crosslinking activity of several type II commercial photoinitiators in acrylated prepolymers”. Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., parrondo, A., Roberts, I., Journal of photochemistry and photobiology 122 (1999) 115-125

-“A comparative kinetic study of UV-curable resins. The relationship between structure and rheology”. Reference: Allen, N.S., Segurola, J., Edge, M., McMahon, A., Roberts, I., Journal Oil Colour Chem. Association 6, (1999) 285-292

-“A comparative kinetic study of commercial photoinitiators for UV/visible curable acrylate clear coatings”. Reference: Allen, N.S., Segurola, J., Edge, M., Santamari, E., McMahon, A., Journal Oil Colour Chem. Association 2, (1999) 67-76

-“Comparative study of the relationship between structure and rheology properties of UV-curable reactive diluent monomers”. Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., McMahon, A., Roberts, I., PPCJ (Feb 1999) 32-38

-“Inks by design- a study in UV monomer kinetics”. Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., McMahon, A., Roberts, I., European Ink Maker PPCJ (June 1999) 18-21

-“Design of eutectic photoiniator blends for UV/visible curable acrylated printing inks and coatings”. Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., McMahon, A., Progress in Organic Coatings 37 (1999) 23-37

-"Photocuring activity of several commercial near UV activated photoinitiators in clear and pigmented systems". Reference: Segurola, J., Allen, N.S., Edge, M., Parrondo, A., Roberts, I., Journal of Coatings Technology Vol.71, No 894 (July 1999) 61-67

After finishing his PhD, Segurola has published around ten non classified / restricted articles related to industrial polymers, photochemistry of polymers, water based polymers, waxes and related polymer topics:

-“Estudio cinético comparativo de fotoiniciadores comerciales de tipo unimolecular para el curado de recubrimientos por radiación ultravioleta”. Reference: Segurola, J., Barnizado+Encolado del Mueble, 3 (2002) 12-15

-“Estudio cinético comparativo de fotoiniciadores comerciales de tipo unimolecular para el curado de recubrimientos por radiación ultravioleta. Parte I”. Reference: Segurola, J., Pinturas y acabados Industriales 277 (2002)

-“Estudio cinético comparativo de fotoiniciadores comerciales de tipo bimolecular para el curado de recubrimientos por radiación ultravioleta. Parte II” Reference: Segurola, J., Pinturas y acabados Industriales 278 (2002) 22-25

-“Safer graphic inks for food”. Reference: Segurola, J. Polymers Paint Colour Journal, 143-4471 (2003) 28-30

-“Optimización de las formulaciones de las tintas flexográficas para papel y cartón kraft: Efecto del tipo de cargas en las propiedades y el coste de las tintas. Parte 1. Tintas blancas. Reference: Segurola, J., Pinturas y acabados Industriales 287(2003) 35-46

-“Optimización de las formulaciones de las tintas flexográficas para papel y cartón kraft. Efecto del tipo de cargas en las propiedades y el coste de las tintas. Parte 2. Tintas rojas. Reference: Segurola, J., Pinturas y acabados Industriales 289 (2004)

-“A study of the effect of several extenders on the properties of white water-based corrugated inks”. Reference: Segurola, Surface Coatings International Part A (2004)3

-“A study of the effect of several extenders on the colour properties of water based corrugated flexographic inks: Red inks based on Pigment Red 49:2”. Reference: Segurola, J., Surface Coatings International Part A (2004)6

-“Aplicaciones de las ceras en la industria de los recubrimientos y de las tintas de impresión”. Reference: Segurola, J., Pinturas y acabados Industriales 301 (2005)26-34

-“ Enzymatic degradation and ageing of additively manufactured soy-based scaffolds for cell-cultured meat”. Reference: CIRP Annals, Volume 72, Issue 1, 2023, Pages 149-152

Publications of the key discoveries, innovations, technologies, and secrets have not deliberately published to protect 3Dresyns trade secrets and proprietary information (3Dresyns restricted publications) developed before, during, and after the creation of 3Dresyns.

Since the setup of his own company Resyner Technologies S.L. and its duly registered commercial brand 3Dresyns (3Dresyns trademark), new chemistries have been explored, including new cationic, anionic, and radical photopolymerisation systems. Additionally, hundreds of publications about 3Dresyns technologies have been already published by 3Dresyns customers, collaborators, and the media in few scientific journals, market studies, and magazines.Discover over 50 worldwide 3Dresyns innovations and achievements.

Conferences, trainings, and consulting of Juan Segurola

-Speaker at Radcure Coatings and Inks 22-23 June 1998 (PRA) with the paper “A comparative kinetic study of commercial PIs for UV/Visible curable systems

-Speaker in several conferences in paints and Inks Association, such as in Spanish Associaton of Paints Technicians AETEPA and the Official College of Chemists of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia

-Hundreds of personal technical trainings and consulting services have been provided to customers B2B, initially as Juan Segurola, and later on, since 2017 through 3Dresyns

New chemistries: innovations and achievements

Since the setup of his own company Resyner Technologies S.L. and its duly registered commercial brand 3Dresyns (3Dresyns trademark), new chemistries have been explored, including new cationic, anionic, and radical photopolymerisation systems.

3Dresyns discoveries and innovations have been classified as 3Dresyns trade secret, and have been applied in the design, development, and commercialisation of 3D resin systems with improved performance and safety in comparison to conventional photopolymerisation technologies used in 3D printing.

Collaborations and networking

For three decades Segurola, and since 2017 through 3Dresyns, has created a global network of research fellows, collaborators, and customers.

3Dresyns supplies products and services to a broad range of markets and to more than 2500 customers in more than 50 countries since its launching in 2017, from hobby home users to over 230 of the world´s top universities and research institutes. 3Dresyns is working in specific 3D projects with few companies, organisations, institutions and universities, which goals and contents cannot be published nor disclosed (restricted publications) to protect 3Dresyns trade secret technology, its customers base,to fully comply with confidentiality and signed Non Disclosure Agreements NDAs.

3Dresyns also supplies, directly and indirectly through its customers, 2D and 3D resins and services to different companies, institutions and universities. The list of publishable collaborators, customers and final users includes the world-renowned NASA, Los Alamos, MIT, Harvard University, ESRF, DESY, etc.

3Dresyns® trademark

The 3Dresyns® trademark is duly registered in many countries, including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Israel, Mexico, China, Australia, Argentina, and Japan.